{"id":"monero","title":"Monero (XMR)","content":"**Monero (XMR)** is an open-source, [peer-to-peer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/peer-to-peer-trading-p2p) [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) launched in 2014 that prioritizes privacy by default. Its opaque [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) conceals sender and recipient identities and transaction amounts using features like ring signatures, stealth addresses, and RingCT. [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-5ww24lms4o5) [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-b48e89jqfu)​\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](B7sLnmlZ-kU)\n\n## Overview\n\nMonero is a privacy-centric [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) designed to ensure complete anonymity in digital transactions. Unlike transparent [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) such as [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), Monero obscures the identities of senders and recipients and hides transaction amounts using technologies like ring signatures, stealth addresses, and RingCT (Ring Confidential Transactions). Every transaction is private by default, making Monero a rare example of a fully anonymous decentralized [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency). It runs on a proof-of-work consensus mechanism optimized with RandomX, which favors CPU mining and resists ASIC dominance, supporting a more decentralized and accessible network.\n\nMonero employs features like bulletproofs to reduce transaction sizes and fees and enhance efficiency and scalability. It also offers tools like P2Pool for decentralized and smart [mining](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mining), enabling low-impact background mining on regular devices. These design choices collectively make Monero a secure, energy-efficient alternative for anonymous digital payments. Unlike [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), which is transparent and heavily reliant on [mining](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mining) hardware, or [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), which is oriented toward [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) and [decentralized apps](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application), Monero is built specifically for untraceable, private financial transactions.  [\\[18\\]](#cite-id-bge38fisoee) [\\[28\\]](#cite-id-xQXfTb7DTB)​\n\n### History\n\nMonero is a [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) that originated from Bytecoin, an application layer protocol created to address issues with [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), such as traceability, [mining](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mining) centralization, and irregular coin emission. Bytecoin was launched in March 2014 and subsequently [forked](https://iq.wiki/wiki/fork) by a Bitcointalk forum user known as thankful\\_for\\_today. This resulted in the new project BitMonero (coined from [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and Monero), with Monero meaning \"coin\" in Esperanto. [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-n3dyb5vhgxp)​\n\nThe release of BitMonero was met with substantial criticism from the initial community backing it, resulting in a [fork](https://iq.wiki/wiki/fork) of the project to create Monero. Seven community members, led by Fluffypony ([Riccardo Spagni](https://iq.wiki/wiki/riccardo-spagni)), formed the first Monero Core team and launched the project in April 2014 without any premine. [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-n3dyb5vhgxp)​\n\nIn December 2019, [Riccardo Spagni](https://iq.wiki/wiki/riccardo-spagni), Monero's lead maintainer, stepped down from the project to decentralize it further. [\\[15\\]](#cite-id-zvne1n7qco)​\n\n> \"I'm stepping back as lead maintainer, but continuing on as a maintainer, to further decentralise the project. I've been talking about doing this for two years, since I stepped back as lead maintainer on the Monero website and Monero GUI projects, so it should come as no surprise.\" - Riccardo Spagni told DeCrypt [\\[15\\]](#cite-id-zvne1n7qco)\n\n### New All-time High Record\n\nOn January 12, 2026, Monero (XMR) set a new all-time high price, surpassing 542 from January 2018. The price surge, which included a 24% daily gain, was attributed to renewed investor interest in privacy-focused cryptocurrencies that had been growing since the fourth quarter of 2025. \n\nAnalysts noted that drivers for this trend included increasing government oversight of payments, though they also cautioned that thin liquidity on offshore exchanges could lead to sharp price swings for Monero. [\\[29\\]](#cite-id-gc5hLUSLBQG8MFRU)​\n\n## Technology\n\n### Privacy on Monero\n\nMonero offers more privacy and anonymity than [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), as transaction details, user addresses, and wallet balances are encrypted. This has resulted in the [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) gaining a strong following among crypto-anarchists, cypherpunks, and privacy advocates. [\\[13\\]](#cite-id-ynna8n8ybv)​\n\nMonero utilizes **Dandelion++**, a protocol that obscures the IP address of devices initiating transactions. This is achieved through a transaction broadcast propagation method, wherein new transactions are initially passed to one [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) on Monero's [peer-to-peer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/peer-to-peer-trading-p2p) network, and a probabilistic protocol is employed to determine when the transaction should be sent to one node or broadcast to multiple [nodes](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node), a process called flooding. This protocol was developed in response to the emerging [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) analysis market and the potential use of botnets for analysis. [\\[19\\]](#cite-id-l45ogyzjc2)​[\\[20\\]](#cite-id-zbq91bbcahp)​\n\nThe Monero network has three basic mechanisms implemented to ensure complete anonymity when using its network:\n\n#### Ring Signatures\n\nRing signatures are digital signatures that any member of a specific group of people with private keys can sign. Monero uses Ring Signatures to mix the digital signature of the individual making an XMR transaction with other users' signatures before recording it on the [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). To anyone observing, it’s impossible to tell whose key was used to sign, making the transaction anonymous. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-pfm8lpopnd)​[\\[5\\]](#cite-id-5g8f5k9f236)​\n\n#### Stealth addresses\n\nStealth addresses require the sender to form a random, one-time address for every transaction so that different payments cannot be traced to the same payee. Using these stealth addresses enables concealing the actual destination address of a transaction, and it hides the identity of the receiving participant. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-pfm8lpopnd)​\n\n#### Ring Confidential Transactions (Ring CT)\n\nMost [cryptocurrencies](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) transmit transaction amounts in plain text, visible to any observer. Monero networks, however, employ cryptographic obligations that allow users to prove sufficient funds to send a certain amount without disclosing it. This makes it difficult to determine a \"richest list\" of users. [\\[5\\]](#cite-id-5g8f5k9f236)​\n\n### Traceability Analysis\n\nIn April 2017, researchers identified three potential threats to Monero users' privacy. The first concern is using a ring signature size of zero and the ability to view output amounts. The second, \"Leveraging Output Merging\", entailed tracking transactions where two outputs belonged to the same user, such as when a user sent funds to themselves (\"churning\"). Finally, \"Temporal Analysis\" suggested that predicting the correct output in a ring signature could be easier. [\\[21\\]](#cite-id-6yvocglqben)​\n\nThe Monero development team stated that RingCTs were implemented in January 2017, and a minimum size of ring signatures was mandated in March 2016. In 2018, researchers published the paper \"An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero [Blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)\", to which the Monero team responded in March 2018. [\\[22\\]](#cite-id-e1wfmqbr6rp)​\n\nThe United States Internal Revenue Service's criminal investigation division (IRS-CI) posted a $625,000 bounty in September 2020 for contractors to develop tools for tracing privacy-enhanced [cryptocurrencies](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency), the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) [Lightning Network](https://iq.wiki/wiki/lightning-network), and other \"[layer 2](https://iq.wiki/wiki/layer-2)\" protocols. The contract was subsequently awarded to [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) analysis groups [Chainalysis](https://iq.wiki/wiki/chainalysis) and Integra FEC. [\\[23\\]](#cite-id-yt3xmv4wibs)​\n\n## Tokenomics\n\nMonero uses a [proof-of-work](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-work-pow) [consensus mechanism](https://iq.wiki/wiki/consensus-mechanism) – miners deploy their computer hardware to solve resource-intensive problems and receive a reward from XMR when they successfully add a new block to the Monero [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). Monero block times are 2 minutes on average.  There is no maximum limit set on how many XMR coins can exist. However, the XMR inflation is designed to slow down over time. [\\[14\\]](#cite-id-blk08lf2tuh)​[\\[17\\]](#cite-id-9r989t4zr5o)​\n\nThe initial total supply of XMR was capped at 18,300,000 XMR. However, once this cap is reached, it will trigger the emission of XMR at the rate of 0.3XMR per minute. The idea behind the proposed \"tail emission\" is to incentivize miners to continue to validate transactions on the Monero blockchain. [\\[18\\]](#cite-id-bge38fisoee)​\n\n#### Mining on Monero\n\nMonero uses a [PoW](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-work-pow) algorithm, RandomX, to validate transactions. The method was introduced in November 2019 to replace the former algorithm CryptoNightR. Both were designed to be ASIC-resistant. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-sal1aqm7sjc)​\n\nMonero can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer-grade hardware, such as x86, x86-64, ARM, and GPUs, a design decision based on Monero's opposition to the [mining](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mining) centralization that ASIC [mining](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mining) creates. However, it has also increased Monero's popularity among malware-based non-consensual miners. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-sal1aqm7sjc)​\n\nIn October 2021, the Monero project introduced P2Pool, a [mining pool](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mining-pool) running on a sidechain that gives participants full control of their node as with solo mining configurations. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-sal1aqm7sjc)​[\\[16\\]](#cite-id-rpvy412wpe)​\n\n## Illicit Uses\n\n### Darknet markets\n\nMonero is a common medium of exchange on darknet markets. In August 2016, dark market AlphaBay permitted vendors to accept Monero as an alternative to [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin). Law enforcement took the site offline in 2017, but it was relaunched in 2021 with Monero as the sole permitted currency. [\\[7\\]](#cite-id-lr9r6oc8zxc)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-pk6r847obq)​\n\n### Mining malware\n\nHackers embedded malware into websites and applications that hijack victim CPUs to mine Monero (sometimes called cryptojacking). In late 2017, Coinhive, a JavaScript implementation of a Monero miner embedded in websites and apps, was blocked by malware and antivirus service providers, in some cases due to hackers. Coinhive was introduced as an alternative to advertisements, enabling websites or apps to embed a script that allows the website visitor's CPU to mine the [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) while consuming the webpage's content, with the site or app owner receiving a percentage of the mined coins.\n\nSometimes, this activity was conducted without informing visitors or using all available system resources. As a result, the script was subsequently blocked by companies providing ad-blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services. Coinhive was previously hidden in Argentina's Showtime-owned streaming platforms and Starbucks Wi-Fi hotspots. Researchers in 2018 identified similar malware that mined Monero and sent it to Kim Il-sung University in North Korea. [\\[10\\]](#cite-id-htfivdblwi)​[\\[30\\]](#cite-id-M6xV0uh8vyqU7nC1)​[\\[11\\]](#cite-id-s13ukbk7c2)​\n\n### Ransomware\n\nRansomware groups sometimes use Monero. According to CNBC, in the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) ransomware attacks. One group behind the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack, the Shadow Brokers, attempted to exchange the ransom they collected in [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) for Monero. *Ars Technica* and *Fast Company* reported that the exchange was successful, but BBC News reported that the service the criminal attempted to use, [ShapeShift](https://iq.wiki/wiki/shapeshift), denied any such transfer. The Shadow Brokers began accepting Monero as payment later in 2017. [\\[9\\]](#cite-id-sx864p66hfs)​[\\[12\\]](#cite-id-grns8x3n4hs)​\n\nIn 2021, CNBC, the *Financial Times*, and *Newsweek* reported that demand for Monero increased following the recovery of a [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) ransom paid in the Colonial Pipeline cyber attack. The May 2021 hack forced the pipeline to pay a $4.4M ransom in bitcoin, though a large portion was recovered by the United States federal government the following month. The group behind the attack, DarkSide, normally requested payment in either [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin-btc) or Monero, but charges a 10–20% premium for payments made in [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin-btc) due to its increased traceability risk. Ransomware group REvil removed the option of paying ransom in [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) in 2021, demanding only Monero. [\\[9\\]](#cite-id-sx864p66hfs)​[\\[13\\]](#cite-id-ynna8n8ybv)​\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](QrHsFZBab4U)\n\n## Controversy\n\n### Monero Prohibition in Dubai\n\nIn Dubai, the issuance of, and all activities related to, anonymity-enhancing [cryptocurrencies](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) like Monero (XMR) are prohibited under new laws published on February 7, 2023. [\\[25\\]](#cite-id-uexehaxc9a)​[\\[24\\]](#cite-id-sn5ilyvw1f)​\n\nThe jurisdiction in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) published its long-awaited [crypto](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) regulations, which set licensing and authorization requirements for virtual asset companies and issuers looking to operate in Dubai. [\\[24\\]](#cite-id-sn5ilyvw1f)The rules define anonymity-enhancing crypto as:\n\n> \"a type of Virtual Asset which prevents the tracing of transactions or record of ownership through distributed public ledgers and for which the \\[Virtual Asset Service Provider] has no mitigating technologies or mechanisms to allow traceability or identification of ownership.\"[\\[25\\]](#cite-id-uexehaxc9a)\n\n### Monero’s Security Breach\n\nOn September 1, 2023, an attack on Monero’s wallet was not revealed until November 2, 2023, on GitHub. The Monero community wallet was drained of all assets following a security breach described as shocking and a little sketchy. Monero’s developer, Luigi, explained that a total of 2,675.73 XMR, worth approximately $460,000, was stolen due to the incident.[\\[26\\]](#cite-id-q2jwj7miko8)​\n\n> “The CCS Wallet was drained of 2,675.73 XMR (the entire balance) on September 1, 2023, just before midnight. The hot wallet, used for payments to contributors, is untouched; its balance is ~244 XMR. We have thus far not been able to ascertain the source of the breach.” - Luigi tweeted[\\[27\\]](#cite-id-w4q14as2ax)\n\nIt was revealed that developers Luigi and [Ricardo “Fluffypony” Spagni](https://iq.wiki/wiki/riccardo-spagni) have access to the seed phase and have released a timeline of events and possible scenarios for the issue. On May 10, 2023, Luigi made the final transfer from the CSS wallet to the hot wallet, and between Sept 1 and Sept 2, a string of nine transactions led to all assets being wiped out. [\\[26\\]](#cite-id-q2jwj7miko8)​\n\nLuigi claims to have uncovered a hack when he checked the CSS wallet and found only 4.6 XMR, which Lovera donated. The incident was not widely publicized, and the CSS development team was surprised by the news. The team is working to uncover how the hack occurred and what it means for the future of CSS and its underlying structure. [\\[26\\]](#cite-id-q2jwj7miko8)​\n\n​[Fluffypony](https://iq.wiki/wiki/riccardo-spagni) commented that the wider attacks might have caused it since April due to compromised keys adding that there might be a possibility that other wallets are at risk and the company has taken precautions. [\\[26\\]](#cite-id-q2jwj7miko8)​","summary":"Monero is a digital currency that provides a high degree of anonymity for users and their transactions and it was launched in 2014.","images":[{"id":"Qmb51XGXMcCDFvWMdNXEydgTAH3rdFgQS3KjvEJ9Ga8KbN","type":"image/jpeg, 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[\\\\\\\\[29\\\\\\\\]](#cite-id-gc5hLUSLBQG8MFRU)\"]},{\"title\":\"Traceability Analysis\",\"subtitle\":\"Added an internal link to the Chainalysis wiki page.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Added an internal link to [Chainalysis](https://iq.wiki/wiki/chainalysis) in the paragraph about the IRS bounty for tracing privacy-enhanced cryptocurrencies. [\\\\\\\\[23\\\\\\\\]](#cite-id-yt3xmv4wibs)\"]},{\"title\":\"Mining malware\",\"subtitle\":\"A new citation was added to this section.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Added a new citation related to Coinhive malware. [\\\\\\\\[30\\\\\\\\]](#cite-id-M6xV0uh8vyqU7nC1)\"]},{\"title\":\"Ransomware\",\"subtitle\":\"An internal link and a YouTube video were added to this section.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":2,\"changes\":[\"Added an internal link to the [ShapeShift](https://iq.wiki/wiki/shapeshift) wiki page in the paragraph detailing the WannaCry ransomware attack. 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