{"id":"eos","version":1,"language":"en","title":"EOS","hidden":false,"content":"**EOS** is the native [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) token of the EOS Network, a public [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) built on the Antelope protocol and used to power [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract)–based [decentralized applications](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application) and [decentralized autonomous organizations](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dao).[[6]](#cite-id-pzyyk061h4i)[[7]](#cite-id-ucfg76a4h7) Since 2025, the EOS Network and its native asset have been rebranded to the [Vaulta](https://iq.wiki/wiki/vaulta) network and the A token, with EOS and A representing a 1:1 symbol swap on the same underlying Layer‑1 chain and state.[[26]](#cite-id-ma87pqi5o3) Launched in 2018 by [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) following a large year-long ICO, the network’s governance has since shifted toward the EOS Network [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation), with core development focused on the open-source Antelope protocol.[[6]](#cite-id-pzyyk061h4i)[[21]](#cite-id-sxbf39zxrl) \n $$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](R5xz0t3xQ1w)$$\n\n## History\nBased on a white paper published in 2017,[[2]](#cite-id-zwk8pzb6hp) the EOSIO platform was developed by the private company [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone)[[1]](#cite-id-5c2d15myyd) and released as open-source software on June 1, 2018. At the launch of the [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), one billion tokens were distributed as [ERC-20](https://iq.wiki/wiki/erc-20) tokens by [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one.[[1]](#cite-id-5c2d15myyd) The CEO of [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone), [Brendan Blumer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/brendan-blumer), announced that the company would support the EOSIO [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) with over one billion USD in funding from the token sale, and ultimately [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one raised over four billion USD to support the [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) during the [Initial Coin Offering](https://iq.wiki/wiki/initial-coin-offering) (ICO) period.[[3]](#cite-id-tnp8wwvd39a) \n \nIn September 2019, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ordered [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) to pay a $24 Million penalty for an unregistered ICO. The SEC’s order found that [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one violated the registration provisions of the federal securities laws and requires it to pay a $24 million civil monetary penalty.  Block.one[[1]](#cite-id-5c2d15myyd) consented to the order without admitting or denying its findings.[[5]](#cite-id-4lyiy2gdhvv) \n \nEOSIO’s initial [testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet), [Dawn](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dawn) 1.0, was launched on September 3, 2017, and the project went on to release four subsequent versions of [Dawn](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dawn) before the official launch of EOSIO 1.0 on June 1, 2018. On January 10, 2020, the company launched EOSIO 2.0.[[4]](#cite-id-ps5p894s9b) \n\nIn September 2024, the EOS Network [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) coordinated a major consensus upgrade to Antelope Spring 1.0, activated via a [hard fork](https://iq.wiki/wiki/hard-fork) on 25 September 2024, which introduced the Savanna consensus algorithm and reduced transaction finality from several minutes to around one second under typical network conditions.[[19]](#cite-id-9phnsmpay7)[[20]](#cite-id-dfpoj22c04) Spring 1.0 is distributed under a Business Source License that is automatically granted for uses that are directly in service of or materially dependent on the EOS [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain).[[19]](#cite-id-9phnsmpay7)[[20]](#cite-id-dfpoj22c04) Related roadmap materials describe planned Spring 1.x and 2.0 releases focused on RAM optimizations, faster [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) execution, and multi‑party computation (MPC) wallets.[[21]](#cite-id-sxbf39zxrl)\n\n## Tokenomics\n \n[Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) began the EOS token sale on June 26, 2017, it sold 200 million tokens over a five-day period, raising a total of $172 million. Over the next 350 days, 2 million tokens were sold per day ($700 million total) raising a total of $4.02 billion. The final 100 million EOS tokens were reserved for [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one. This allocation is set to be released linearly to [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) every second over a period of 10 years starting from the [Genesis Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/genesis-block) on June 6, 2019.[[6]](#cite-id-pzyyk061h4i) \n \n\n### Supply Details\nThe EOS network’s earlier [tokenomics](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tokenomics) model used an annual inflation rate of around 1%, split between the [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) Producers (BPs) and Standby Producers, who received 0.25% and 0.75% of the annual inflation rate respectively.[[23]](#cite-id-g4l30ex83a) While BPs had to share a smaller piece of the total reward pool, there are only 21 BPs; thus, they received more daily EOS rewards on average than their counterparts. Standby Producers represent potential [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) producers ranked outside of the top 21 that have enough voting support from token holders to receive a minimum daily reward of 100 EOS.[[7]](#cite-id-ucfg76a4h7) Following [tokenomics](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tokenomics) changes approved for deployment on June 1, 2024, EOS has transitioned from an inflationary model with a 10 billion maximum supply to a fixed-supply model capped at 2.1 billion tokens, implemented through system contracts that allocate pre-defined buckets for [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) rewards, [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) producer rewards, ecosystem funding (including the [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) and Labs), middleware, and RAM market support, with token emissions following four-year [halving](https://iq.wiki/wiki/halving) cycles.[[7]](#cite-id-ucfg76a4h7)[[27]](#cite-id-0dswn2jf63)\n\n### Utility\n \nEOS users purchase or rent the token to access network bandwidth, computational and storage capacity, and voting rights. The level of voting or computational power is proportional to the number of tokens held or staked. Unlike [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) or [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), EOS token transfers do not require a fee, as users do not need to entice miners to include their transaction(s) in the next [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block). EOS [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) producers earn new tokens only through the creation of new [blocks](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block). But transactions are not entirely free because users and developers need to acquire network resources in proportion to their intended on-chain activity levels.[[8]](#cite-id-iyvj41i7ucj) \n $$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](g_EIIY97Lnc)$$ \n \n\n## Technology\nEOS was originally built by [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) and uses a delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism for [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) production together with the Savanna consensus algorithm, which is designed to provide near-instant finality.[[19]](#cite-id-9phnsmpay7)[[20]](#cite-id-dfpoj22c04) Savanna draws on HotStuff-style consensus and employs aggregate BLS signatures to efficiently aggregate [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) votes, providing algorithmic finality in about one second under typical network conditions.[[22]](#cite-id-j4fe3zzjy9)[[20]](#cite-id-dfpoj22c04) It also employs Graphene technology and parallel processing to maximize performance.[[9]](#cite-id-c5k5h4ncl3k) \n \nGraphene technology is an open-source software toolkit developed by [Dan Larimer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dan-larimer) that helps improve transaction processing capabilities. It is used by previous Larimer creations; [Bitshares](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitshares) and Steem, as well as MUSE and Peerplay. \n \n[Parallel](https://iq.wiki/wiki/parallel) computation is a technology that divides transactions and [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) execution among multiple processors to reduce the run time of a program. In the EOSIO technical white paper, the June 2018 software release was described as running single-threaded while incorporating data structures intended to enable future multithreaded, parallel execution.[[24]](#cite-id-w4sedh2os9) Later [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) software releases, including EOSIO 2.0 and Antelope Spring 1.0, introduced multi‑threading improvements at the networking and consensus layers to better exploit modern multicore hardware.[[4]](#cite-id-ps5p894s9b)[[20]](#cite-id-dfpoj22c04) \n \nEOS requires users to obtain resources (CPU, NET, RAM) to submit transactions and run decentralized applications. EOS holders receive CPU and NET by [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) their tokens and receiving a proportional amount of the network resources. As a result, the network utilizes a no-direct fee model where tokens give holders access to their pro-rata share of network resources. Any operation needing storage or to create an account requires RAM to be purchased separately. \n \nEOS utilizes the WebAssembly Virtual Machine (WASM) to offer high speed and performance as well as support for different programming languages such as C, C++, and Rust.[[9]](#cite-id-c5k5h4ncl3k)\n\n## Governance\nEOS features on-chain governance that processes voting through its delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) system. Similar to how EOS stakeholders vote on [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) producers, this model allows token holders to vote on protocol decisions that are automatically implemented or rejected depending on the final vote tally. Votes are weighted by the number of tokens held, and holders can opt to delegate their votes to another holder on their behalf. Under this model, token holders can vote for up to 30 [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) producer candidates; the top 21 by vote weight produce blocks in 0.5‑second intervals, and blocks are treated as irreversible once confirmed by at least two‑thirds plus one (15 of 21) of these producers.[[10]](#cite-id-cs6jmptxksq) Protocol upgrades and major system changes, including the [Vaulta](https://iq.wiki/wiki/vaulta) rebrand and token swap, are executed via multisignature proposals that must be approved by this supermajority of active block producers.[[21]](#cite-id-sxbf39zxrl)[[26]](#cite-id-ma87pqi5o3)\n\n## Block.one\n[Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) is a publisher of [decentralized applications](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application) as well as open source software where decentralized applications can be built on top of (EOSIO). It is a company registered in the Cayman Islands and was the original developer of the EOS network. In 2018, the company sold 900 million EOS tokens for proceeds of over $4 billion in an [initial coin offering](https://iq.wiki/wiki/initial-coin-offering) (ICO), which outlets such as CNBC and Crowdfund Insider reported as the largest ICO to date and noted was conducted before the main EOSIO platform was live.[[3]](#cite-id-tnp8wwvd39a)[[25]](#cite-id-3rm9y4hshd)[[6]](#cite-id-pzyyk061h4i) It is led by [Brendan Blumer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/brendan-blumer) who co-founded the company in 2016 alongside [Dan Larimer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dan-larimer).[[1]](#cite-id-5c2d15myyd) \n $$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](sE-skx8Hfoo)$$ \n\n### ENF vs Block.one\n \nThe EOS Network [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) (ENF) is the organization set up to support the development of the EOS ecosystem. At a virtual event on November 3, 2021, ENF CEO [Yves La Rose](https://iq.wiki/wiki/yves-la-rose)[[11]](#cite-id-dfcrghj4rm) claimed that “EOS, as it stands, is a failure,”. The speech placed much of the blame on backer and former developer [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone), and says that the EOS [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) is set to step up, as the project can “no longer rely on” the Cayman Islands-based [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) software company for guidance. Members of the EOS ecosystem also voiced their dissatisfaction with former developer [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one.[[12]](#cite-id-3d071at3bu5)[[13]](#cite-id-yg2506nk2s8) \n \n\n### $4.1B Lawsuit Against Block.one\n \nOn February 10, 2022, CEO [Yves La Rose](https://iq.wiki/wiki/yves-la-rose) tweeted that the foundation was taking steps to hold [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone): \n \n> \"..accountable for its past actions and broken promises. Review of ALL possible legal recourse to seek $4.1B in damages underway.\"[[14]](#cite-id-s7rtabdztq) \n \nThe EOS community felt [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one shifted its focus and funding – including its vested EOS tokens – to crypto exchange [Bullish](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bullish), which was unveiled in May 2021 with PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel and digital asset management company [Galaxy Digital](https://iq.wiki/wiki/galaxy-digital) among its backers.[[16]](#cite-id-e5rgqvtvcic) \n \nThe EOS [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) enlisted a Canadian law firm to investigate [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone)'s actions and pledged to the EOS community and investors to determine whether options were available for legal proceedings.[[15]](#cite-id-ogr4d491qr) \n \n> \"In November and December 2021 we engaged in negotiations with [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one to attempt to arrange a fair and reasonable resolution with [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone) that would position the EOS community for future success. Unfortunately [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block).one decided to walk away from the negotiations and as a result the EOS Block Producers determined it was in the best interest of the community to freeze the vesting of all the EOS tokens that Block.one was to earn in the future.\" - La Rose said.[[16]](#cite-id-e5rgqvtvcic) \n \n\n### Switch to Antelope\n \nFollowing the decision to pursue legal action against [Block.one](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockone), the EOS Network [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) (ENF) on August 17, 2022, said that **Antelope** will be used as the underlying protocol for EOSIO-based [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain).[[18]](#cite-id-mlvt4btgit) \n \nDuring the fall of 2021, the ENF organized to [fork](https://iq.wiki/wiki/fork) the EOSIO code base to initiate a project labeled **“Mandel.”** Mandel was handed over to EOSIO developers to work on technical improvements and formalize a consensus upgrade. Mandel came to be a placeholder for the yet-to-be-decided brand to replace EOSIO. When the ENF introduced Antelope as this project, it retired Mandel. \n \n> “The code was already forked back in February by the ENF and we've already added many new features and capabilities to that code, which today became known as **Antelope**.” - \n> Zack Gall, vice president of communications at the ENF told Coindesk \n \n\n## Antelope\nAntelope is an open framework [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) and a community-run codebase. It uses a Delegated Proof-of-stake (DPoS) consensus model, which evolved from [proof-of-stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake), where users of the network vote and elect delegates to validate the next [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block). Under DPoS, delegates are referred to as [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) producers.[[17]](#cite-id-bwg86v8kxmv)[[18]](#cite-id-mlvt4btgit) \n \nDevelopers use Antelope for a diverse range of applications, from [decentralized finance (DeFi)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi) and supply chain management to [non-fungible tokens](https://iq.wiki/wiki/non-fungible-token-nft) (NFT) and games. The Antelope Coalition made Requests for Proposals, including proposals addressing faster finality, software development kits (SDKs), and peer-to-peer code improvements.[[18]](#cite-id-mlvt4btgit) \n \nIn a press release, [Yves La Rose](https://iq.wiki/wiki/yves-la-rose), CEO and executive director of the EOS Network [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) said, \n \n> “We are building upon over four years of battle-hardened code, and the cumulative knowledge of four [[layer 1](https://iq.wiki/wiki/layer-1) [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)] leveraging each other’s strengths, all united behind the Antelope protocol.”[[18]](#cite-id-mlvt4btgit) \n\nIn 2024–2025, the EOS Network [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation) published a unified roadmap for the EOS ecosystem, outlining upgrades to the Antelope Spring protocol, EOS EVM, and related middleware.[[21]](#cite-id-sxbf39zxrl) As part of this roadmap, the EOS Network has rebranded its [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) to “[Vaulta](https://iq.wiki/wiki/vaulta)” and introduced the A token as a 1:1 symbol swap for EOS on the same [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet); the official token swap went live on 14 May 2025 via the Vaulta Swap Portal and remains available to EOS token holders.[[21]](#cite-id-sxbf39zxrl)[[26]](#cite-id-ma87pqi5o3) A has a fixed total supply of 2.1 billion tokens and serves as the native resource, governance, and fee token for the Vaulta network.[[27]](#cite-id-0dswn2jf63)","summary":"EOS is the native cryptocurrency of the EOS Network, a public blockchain that runs the Antelope protocol and powers decentralized applications and governance, launched in 2018 after a multibillion‑dollar ICO.","categories":[{"id":"cryptoassets","title":"Cryptoassets"}],"promoted":0,"tags":[],"metadata":[{"id":"website","value":"https://eos.io/"},{"id":"twitter_profile","value":"https://twitter.com/eosio"},{"id":"github_profile","value":"https://github.com/EOSIO"},{"id":"youtube_profile","value":"https://www.youtube.com/@EOSNetworkFoundation"},{"id":"references","value":"[{\"id\":\"5c2d15myyd\",\"url\":\"https://b1.com/\",\"description\":\"block 1\",\"timestamp\":1676374966675},{\"id\":\"zwk8pzb6hp\",\"url\":\"https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/blob/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md\",\"description\":\"eosio whitepaper\",\"timestamp\":1676375307647},{\"id\":\"tnp8wwvd39a\",\"url\":\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/31/a-blockchain-start-up-just-raised-4-billion-without-a-live-product.html\",\"description\":\"ICO news\",\"timestamp\":1676375556675},{\"id\":\"ps5p894s9b\",\"url\":\"https://github.com/EOSIO/eos/releases/tag/v2.1.0\",\"description\":\"eos release 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b1\",\"timestamp\":1677863734130},{\"id\":\"bwg86v8kxmv\",\"url\":\"https://was.32f48786935d.isolation.zscaler.com/profile/02043d8a-e16e-4b74-87ba-931e37e2efd7/zia-session/?controls_id=20a80092-f92b-4a86-be68-832e005e0255&user=b632bf7a99007b947c5bae172b74cbdbb494258c5b113ea3d633df524a8fb095&original_url=https%3A%2F%2Fantelope.io%2F&key=sh-1&hmac=37fd6440924b52e37e94f2be44d6627550504b00c4f033da67a394e587bb658d\",\"description\":\"Antelope\",\"timestamp\":1677865433013},{\"id\":\"mlvt4btgit\",\"url\":\"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/08/17/eos-network-foundation-members-switch-support-to-antelope-protocol-after-hard-fork/\",\"description\":\"coindesk on switch to antelope\",\"timestamp\":1677865765499},{\"id\":\"9phnsmpay7\",\"url\":\"https://eosnetwork.com/resources/spring-1-0-stable-released/\",\"description\":\"ENF on Spring 1.0 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