{"id":"layerzero","title":"LayerZero","content":"**LayerZero** is an interoperability protocol that enables developers to create omnichain applications (OApps) that work seamlessly across multiple blockchains. Positioned as an infrastructure layer where \"finance and the internet converge,\" LayerZero makes tokens and applications compatible with various blockchain types. [\\[28\\]](#cite-id-94NlPvSEZ45sFjd4) As of early 2026, the protocol connects over 165 blockchains, secures over $95 billion in assets, and is utilized by more than 750 applications. [\\[28\\]](#cite-id-94NlPvSEZ45sFjd4)​[\\[29\\]](#cite-id-7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk) LayerZero was founded by [Caleb Banister](https://iq.wiki/wiki/caleb-banister), [Bryan Pellegrino](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bryan-pellegrino), and [Ryan Zarick](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ryan-zarick) in 2021. [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-6k1pzo2qmqy)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-zxik9tae2fn)​[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-3hjxhtoll62)​\n\n## Overview\n\nLayerZero is a messaging protocol, not a [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). It facilitates seamless interaction between [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) using [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) on each chain, Decentralized Verifier Networks (DVNs), and Executors. Implemented on January 29th, 2024, LayerZero V2 separates message verification and execution, giving developers more control over security and execution. It also offers enhanced message throughput, programmability, and other contract-specific improvements, making it a more flexible and efficient messaging protocol. [\\[11\\]](#cite-id-lartysmgqve)​\n\nThe update includes Decentralized Verification Networks (DVNs), which replace the V1 [Oracle](https://iq.wiki/wiki/oracle) and allow any entity capable of verifying cross-chain data packets to join LayerZero, promoting decentralization. In March 2026, Worldpay and Global Payments launched a \"Payments DVN\" on LayerZero, providing an enterprise-grade security solution for verifying cross-chain payment transactions across nine blockchains, including [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) and [Solana](https://iq.wiki/wiki/solana). [\\[30\\]](#cite-id-yWlh6x4G04zJuJt4) Adapters for [Axelar](https://iq.wiki/wiki/axelar) and CCIP DVNs are available on [testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet) and will be on [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) at launch, with additional adapters planned for 2024 to support various native bridges, third-party bridges, middle chains, [oracles](https://iq.wiki/wiki/oracle), and other verification methods, preventing vendor lock-in. The X of Y of N Verification feature provides a modular approach, enabling applications to customize their security by choosing a combination of DVNs, thus optimizing costs and security levels based on specific needs. [\\[11\\]](#cite-id-lartysmgqve)​\n\n​[Permissionless](https://iq.wiki/wiki/permissionless) Execution introduces Executors, a new role that handles execution on the destination chain separately from verification, simplifying [gas](https://iq.wiki/wiki/gas) payments and offering customizable [gas](https://iq.wiki/wiki/gas) settings. Each application must configure a Security Stack comprising DVNs, Executors, chain confirmations, MessageLibraries, and chain pathways, granting full control over security settings. Increased throughput is achieved by offering lazy or strict nonce enforcement options, allowing developers to choose between in-order or out-of-order transaction execution, thereby aligning LayerZero’s throughput with the destination chain’s while maintaining censorship resistance. [\\[11\\]](#cite-id-lartysmgqve)​\n\nEnhanced programmability is facilitated by improved protocol contract interfaces, path-specific libraries, new design patterns, and horizontal composability, fostering flexibility and uninterrupted cross-chain transactions. Unified semantics ensure that applications function uniformly [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) all blockchains with LayerZero endpoints, including non-[EVM](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum-virtual-machine-evm) chains. Finally, the V2 launch supports forward and backward compatibility, aiding teams building on V1. [\\[11\\]](#cite-id-lartysmgqve)​\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](_8BUVh53TKw)\n\n### Ultra-Light Node\n\nUltra Light [Node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) (ULN) is a novel cross-chain bridging and messaging approach. ULN combines the security of on-chain light [nodes](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) with the cost-effectiveness of middle chains. On-chain light [nodes](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) receive and validate every [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) header for each pairwise chain on the opposing chain, making it the most secure way to transmit messages between chains, but it comes with a high cost. Middle chains, on the other hand, are less secure but more cost-effective. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-u6yh4y5x6x)​\n\nULN solves this dilemma by performing the same validation as an on-chain light [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node), but instead of keeping all [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) headers sequentially, [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) headers are streamed on demand by decentralized [oracles](https://iq.wiki/wiki/oracle). This eliminates the need for a [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) to store every [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) header, reducing the storage and computational overhead and making it a more cost-effective solution. The oracles are incentivized to provide accurate and reliable [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) headers, ensuring the security of the messages transmitted between chains. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-u6yh4y5x6x)​\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](Fq2riYIsxpc)\n\n## Infrastructure of LayerZero\n\n#### Omnichain Mesh Network\n\nLayerZero addresses the limitations of existing cross-chain networks, which often suffer from sparse connectivity and inconsistent communication interfaces, by providing a uniform and densely connected mesh network [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) all supported blockchains. An Omnichain [Mesh](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mesh) Network allows any chain to communicate with any other chain directly using a predictable and [stable](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stable) interface, facilitating seamless data and value transfer [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). The LayerZero protocol maintains consistent security and reliability [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) all connections, despite varying security semantics and design logic among individual [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). [\\[14\\]](#cite-id-4uugom72x5p)​\n\nThe network ensures uniform standards for packet delivery, reliable data transfer without censorship, and packets are delivered exactly once to their intended destinations. LayerZero's modular security model offers configurable and non-configurable security guarantees, allowing developers to choose the security and cost-efficiency models that best fit their applications. Decentralized Verifier Networks (DVNs) verify messages and can be configured by applications, while configurable [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) confirmations protect against [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) reorganizations on the source chain. Core security features, such as protection against censorship, replay attacks, and unauthorized code changes, are built into the network's immutable interfaces. [\\[14\\]](#cite-id-4uugom72x5p)​\n\nThe network recognizes that each pathway might require a different security configuration. Pathways, defined by source [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), source application, destination [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), and destination application, can be individually configured to tailor security and cost to the specific needs of each connection. This chain-agnostic approach enables developers to create Omnichain Applications (OApps) that operate seamlessly [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). [\\[14\\]](#cite-id-4uugom72x5p)​\n\n#### Endpoints\n\nThe LayerZero Endpoint is an immutable [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) providing a standardized interface for Omnichain Applications (OApps) to manage security configurations and send and receive messages seamlessly. A LayerZero Endpoint is divided into four modules: Communicator, [Validator](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator), Network, and Libraries. The Communicator, [Validator](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator), and Network modules make up the core functionality of the endpoint, while new chains are added as additional Libraries. This design allows for easy support of new chains without modifying the core modules. [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-3hjxhtoll62)​[\\[15\\]](#cite-id-CIm9fhMmvp)​\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](ZMy_9UjtUqQ)\n\n## Utility\n\nLayerZero is a [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) infrastructure that provides a range of utilities to developers and users. Its key features include a cross-chain [decentralized exchange](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-exchange), multi-chain yield aggregator, and multi-chain lending. These utilities allow for seamless transfer of native assets [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) different chains, access to high-yield opportunities, and cost-efficient lending options. [\\[15\\]](#cite-id-CIm9fhMmvp)​\n\n#### Cross-Chain Decentralized Exchange\n\nLayerZero facilitates a cross-chain [decentralized exchange (DEX)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-exchange) that operates solely with native assets. Unlike traditional [DEX](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-exchange) designs that use wrapped tokens or go through intermediary sidechains, LayerZero enables [DEXs](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-exchange) with [liquidity pools](https://iq.wiki/wiki/liquidity-pool) on both chains, allowing users to deposit their native assets on one chain and withdraw native assets from another. With LayerZero's messaging capabilities, direct bridges, [automated market-making](https://iq.wiki/wiki/automated-market-maker), and other pricing models can be implemented. [\\[15\\]](#cite-id-CIm9fhMmvp)​\n\n#### Multi-Chain Yield Aggregator\n\nWhen using LayerZero for cross-chain transactions, a multi-chain yield aggregator could tap into the high-yield opportunities [across](https://iq.wiki/wiki/across) multiple ecosystems, maximizing access to high-yield opportunities and allowing users to take advantage of market inefficiencies. This would be an improvement over single-chain yield aggregators that restrict their access to yield opportunities outside of their current ecosystem and instead would provide more yield opportunities to choose from. [\\[15\\]](#cite-id-CIm9fhMmvp)​\n\n#### Multi-Chain Lending\n\nMulti-chain lending on LayerZero allows users to take advantage of opportunities on different chains while consolidating their assets on their preferred chain. Through a lending protocol, users can lend their assets on their preferred chain and borrow the desired asset directly on another chain, eliminating the need for costly intermediary steps like bridge and swap fees. [\\[15\\]](#cite-id-CIm9fhMmvp)​\n\n## Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) Standard\n\n#### Core Concept and Mechanism\n\nLayerZero's Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) standard is a framework for creating tokens that can be transferred across multiple blockchains while maintaining a single, unified supply. [\\[22\\]](#cite-id-o8k7O063AO) [\\[23\\]](#cite-id-G2Jp6DPxc6) Unlike traditional cross-chain bridges that \"wrap\" tokens—creating a separate, synthetic version on the destination chain—the OFT standard utilizes a burn-and-mint mechanism. When a user transfers an OFT, the token is burned on the source chain, and an equivalent amount is minted on the destination chain. This process avoids the liquidity fragmentation and security risks associated with wrapped assets. [\\[22\\]](#cite-id-o8k7O063AO) [\\[24\\]](#cite-id-HBKgcVSL7v)​\n\n#### Key Advantages\n\nThe OFT standard is particularly advantageous for stablecoins, as it helps maintain their peg and ensures consistent liquidity across different ecosystems. By eliminating wrapped tokens and the need for liquidity pools in transfers, it avoids [slippage](https://iq.wiki/wiki/slippage) and price inconsistencies between chains. [\\[22\\]](#cite-id-o8k7O063AO) Issuers also retain control over their assets, as their own smart contracts manage the mint-and-burn logic. They can also configure their own security through Decentralized Verifier Networks (DVNs). [\\[24\\]](#cite-id-HBKgcVSL7v)​\n\n#### Adoption and Use Cases\n\n##### Stablecoins\n\nThe OFT standard has been adopted by major players in the [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) space. In November 2024, PayPal's [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), [PYUSD](https://iq.wiki/wiki/paypal-usd-pyusd), integrated the OFT standard to enable seamless transfers between [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) and [Solana](https://iq.wiki/wiki/solana). This allows PYUSD holders to move their assets between the two networks without relying on centralized platforms or third-party bridges, with security managed by a DVN chosen by the issuer, [Paxos](https://iq.wiki/wiki/paxos). [\\[24\\]](#cite-id-HBKgcVSL7v) [\\[22\\]](#cite-id-o8k7O063AO)​\n\nIn January 2025, Tether partnered with LayerZero to launch [USDT0](https://iq.wiki/wiki/usdt0), a cross-chain version of its USDT [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) using the same standard. Debuting on Kraken's layer-2 [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), [Ink](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ink), [USDT0](https://iq.wiki/wiki/usdt0) is designed to unify liquidity and has facilitated over $70 billion in cross-chain value transfers in the 12 months leading up to February 2026. [\\[25\\]](#cite-id-MVr1gbBMRz) [\\[31\\]](#cite-id-Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ) The standard was further adopted in October 2025 for [KRWQ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/krwq), the first multi-chain stablecoin backed 1:1 by the Korean Won. Developed by [IQ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/iq) in partnership with [Frax](https://iq.wiki/wiki/frax-finance), [KRWQ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/krwq) utilizes LayerZero's OFT technology to operate as a unified asset across various blockchains, launching initially on the [Base](https://iq.wiki/wiki/base) network. [\\[36\\]](#cite-id-VRwCfcI84M6YR3vt)​\n\nThe standard has also been adopted for the public sector. In 2025, the state of Wyoming launched \"FRNT,\" the first U.S. state-backed stable token, built on LayerZero to ensure sovereign control and compliance across seven blockchains. [\\[32\\]](#cite-id-0AXs8rpWm5nqNfho)​\n\n##### Tokenized and Real-World Assets\n\nThe OFT standard is also used for tokenized assets. In September 2024, [BitGo](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitgo), the custodian for Wrapped [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) (WBTC), chose LayerZero as its interoperability provider to expand WBTC to chains like [BNB Chain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/binance-smart-chain) and [Avalanche](https://iq.wiki/wiki/avalanche). [\\[26\\]](#cite-id-dMrv8RpAQV) Tokenized real-world asset protocol [Ondo Finance](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ondo-finance) used the OFT standard to launch its yield-bearing [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), USDY, on networks including [Solana](https://iq.wiki/wiki/solana) in November 2024, making it fungible across different [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) ecosystems. [\\[27\\]](#cite-id-IlZ96vn4sp)​\n\nIn March 2026, a partnership with [Centrifuge](https://iq.wiki/wiki/centrifuge) was announced to integrate its institutional-grade real-world asset (RWA) infrastructure with LayerZero. This allows asset managers to issue tokenized funds on [Centrifuge](https://iq.wiki/wiki/centrifuge) and extend their reach across all LayerZero-connected chains, with initial products including JTRSY, JAAA, and SPXA. [\\[29\\]](#cite-id-7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk)​\n\n##### DeFi and Platform Tokens\n\nIn June 2025, Skate, a project focused on creating a unified multi-chain execution ecosystem, integrated Stargate's LayerZero OFT for its native SKATE token. This integration allows the SKATE token to move across multiple blockchains, including [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), [Arbitrum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/arbitrum), and [Solana](https://iq.wiki/wiki/solana), enhancing its liquidity and accessibility for dApp interoperability. The use of the OFT standard ensures that transfers are cost-effective and have zero [slippage](https://iq.wiki/wiki/slippage). [\\[23\\]](#cite-id-G2Jp6DPxc6)​\n\n## LayerZero Airdrop\n\nOn June 14, 2024, the LayerZero team introduced the 'LayerZero [Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation)'. [\\[16\\]](#cite-id-7qh1zMeS3K) The [foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation)'s stated mandate is to promote the decentralization of the LayerZero protocol and support the growth of its ecosystem and community. It oversees governance activities, including a ZRO token buyback program and protocol fee switch proposals. [\\[33\\]](#cite-id-yk1C8eput3GxA2Oq) Also, [Bryan Pellegrino](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bryan-pellegrino), the CEO of LayerZero Labs, released his calculations on the ZRO token [airdrop](https://iq.wiki/wiki/airdrop) in a tweet on X;\n\n> Ok let's talk some numbers.23.8% of the supply is going directly to the community and builders. This does not include foundation, growth, etc. Directly to community. 8.5% of this is being distributed day 1 (5% core, 3% RFP, 0.5% community pool) The majority of the remainder will be given over the next 36 months with additional retroactive distribution every 12 months, along with some forward looking RFPs for builders.... - he tweeted on June 14, 2024 [\\[12\\]](#cite-id-cumaiybvewj)\n\nPer the tweet, ZRO has a supply of 1 billion, of which 23.8% is reserved for allocation to community and builders. 23.8% excludes [foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/foundation), growth, and other heads. 8.5% of the tokens allocated to the community and builders will be distributed on the first day of the [airdrop](https://iq.wiki/wiki/airdrop); the rest will be allocated within three years. The project plans an additional allocation every 12 months, and some forward-looking Request for Proposals (RFPs) will be provided for builders in the ecosystem. [\\[13\\]](#cite-id-su5aqeqbs8)​\n\nLayerZero Labs also mentioned June 20 as the [airdrop](https://iq.wiki/wiki/airdrop) date for the token while asking users to determine their eligibility status via the official website. [\\[17\\]](#cite-id-uKLv8fE3EE)​\n\n## Key Partnerships and Integrations\n\nLayerZero has established partnerships across institutional finance, enterprise payments, and government sectors.\n\n* **Worldpay and Global Payments:** In March 2026, Worldpay launched a \"Payments DVN\" on LayerZero to provide enterprise-grade verification for cross-chain payment applications. The DVN initially supports nine blockchains, including [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), [Base](https://iq.wiki/wiki/base), and [Solana](https://iq.wiki/wiki/solana). [\\[30\\]](#cite-id-yWlh6x4G04zJuJt4)\n* **Canton Network:** LayerZero became the first interoperability protocol integrated with the [Canton Network](https://iq.wiki/wiki/canton-network) in March 2026. This partnership connects the network for institutional assets to the broader public blockchain ecosystem, enabling compliant transfer of tokenized assets. [\\[28\\]](#cite-id-94NlPvSEZ45sFjd4)\n* **Tether:** The interoperability protocol powers [USDT0](https://iq.wiki/wiki/usdt0), a cross-chain version of Tether's stablecoin built on the OFT standard. In February 2026, Tether's investment arm made a strategic investment in LayerZero Labs. [\\[31\\]](#cite-id-Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ)\n* **State of Wyoming:** The state of Wyoming used LayerZero to build and launch \"FRNT,\" the first fully-reserved, state-backed stable token in the U.S. The token was issued on seven blockchains with a focus on sovereign control and regulatory compliance. [\\[32\\]](#cite-id-0AXs8rpWm5nqNfho)\n* **Centrifuge:** A partnership announced in March 2026 aims to integrate [Centrifuge](https://iq.wiki/wiki/centrifuge)'s infrastructure for tokenized real-world assets (RWAs) into the LayerZero ecosystem. This allows asset managers to issue tokenized funds and distribute them across over 165 connected chains. [\\[29\\]](#cite-id-7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk)Other notable organizations using LayerZero's infrastructure include PayPal for its PYUSD stablecoin, [BitGo](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitgo) for expanding WBTC to new chains, [Ethena](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethena), and Google Cloud, which acts as a verifier in a DVN configuration. [\\[24\\]](#cite-id-HBKgcVSL7v)[\\[30\\]](#cite-id-yWlh6x4G04zJuJt4)\n\n## Funding\n\nOn April 1st, 2021, LayerZero raised $2 million as their first-ever seed funding round. [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-zxik9tae2fn)​[\\[18\\]](#cite-id-sMesuJ1vT6)​\n\nOn September 16th, 2021, LayerZero's series A funding round, led by [Binance Labs](https://iq.wiki/wiki/binance-labs) and Multicoin Capital, raised $6 million. Additional investors included Sino Global Capital, Defiance, Delphi Digital, [Robot Ventures](https://iq.wiki/wiki/robot-ventures), Spartan, Hypersphere Ventures, Protocol Ventures, Gen [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) Capital, and [Echelon Capital](https://iq.wiki/wiki/echelon). [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-zxik9tae2fn)​[\\[5\\]](#cite-id-xixgs01eeif)​\n\nOn March 20th, 2022, LayerZero's series B funding round was led by [a16z](https://iq.wiki/wiki/andreessen-horowitz), [FTX,](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ftx) and Sequoia, raising $135 million. Some of the main investors included [Coinbase](https://iq.wiki/wiki/coinbase) Ventures, PayPal Ventures, Tiger Global, and [Uniswap](https://iq.wiki/wiki/uniswap) Labs. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-ckn6n3dbjlm)​[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-cwtxklw3hdw)​\n\nIn February 2026, Tether Investments announced a strategic investment of an undisclosed amount into LayerZero Labs. The investment was made to support LayerZero's work in building its interoperability protocol and was cited as a sign of confidence in its technology as critical infrastructure for the digital asset space. [\\[31\\]](#cite-id-Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ)​\n\n## Zero Blockchain\n\nOn February 10, 2026, LayerZero Labs introduced Zero, a new blockchain architecture described as the first decentralized \"multi-core world computer.\" [\\[34\\]](#cite-id-eZzLRN6kzQECCold) Zero is designed to function as a high-performance, sharded blockchain that can scale horizontally to achieve internet-scale throughput while maintaining decentralization and permissionless access. It is positioned as a distinct product alongside LayerZero's interoperability protocol. [\\[35\\]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)​\n\n#### Architecture and Design\n\nZero's architecture is built on a heterogeneous model that decouples transaction execution from verification using [Zero-Knowledge](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps) (ZK) proofs. This separation allows for two classes of validators: high-performance [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) Producers that execute transactions and generate proofs, and lightweight [Block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) Validators that run on consumer hardware to reach consensus by verifying those proofs. [\\[34\\]](#cite-id-eZzLRN6kzQECCold)​\n\nThe system scales horizontally through \"Atomicity Zones,\" which are parallel execution shards, each functionally equivalent to a single EVM instance. The protocol is designed to run hundreds of these zones simultaneously, with new zones added through on-chain governance. A specialized \"System Zone\" manages core protocol functions, including the native ZRO coin, staking, and governance processes. [\\[35\\]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)​\n\n#### Core Technologies\n\nZero's performance relies on four key technological innovations designed to address major blockchain bottlenecks: [\\[35\\]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)​\n\n* **QMDB (Quickest Merklized Database):** A log-based, append-only database optimized for high-speed SSDs, reportedly capable of 3 million state updates per second.\n* **FAFO (Fast Ahead of Formation Optimization):** A scheduling algorithm for parallel transaction execution that automatically analyzes and reorders non-conflicting transactions, enabling a single node to exceed 1.2 million EVM TPS.\n* **Jolt Pro:** A custom ZK proving system for the RISC-V architecture, reported to prove at over 1.61 GHz per cell, approximately 100x faster than existing zkVMs.\n* **SVID (Scalable Verifiable Information Dispersal):** A data availability solution that allows validators to confirm a block's data by downloading only a small cryptographic commitment, enabling throughput over 1 GB/second.\n  [\\[34\\]](#cite-id-eZzLRN6kzQECCold)[\\[35\\]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)\n\n#### Governance and Staking\n\nZero utilizes a Pure [Delegated Proof of Stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/delegated-proof-of-stake-dpos) (PDPoS) consensus mechanism, where security comes entirely from delegated stake, and validators are not required to provide a self-stake. To encourage decentralization, there is no consensus-layer slashing for downtime or misconfiguration, and staking rewards are distributed proportionally to all honest participants. [\\[35\\]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)​\n\nGovernance is managed through a \"Senator Model,\" where ZRO stakers can delegate their voting power to recognized experts in relevant fields. Delegators retain full control and can override their Senator's vote at any time. All protocol upgrades, including the creation of new Atomicity Zones, are handled through a formal on-chain governance process. [\\[35\\]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)​\n\n## Stargate Acquisition\n\nIn August 2025, LayerZero acquired the cross-chain protocol [Stargate](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stargate-finance) for $110 million. [\\[20\\]](#cite-id-tms5KMYa9h) The acquisition followed a competitive bidding process where LayerZero's offer was chosen over proposals from several rivals. [\\[19\\]](#cite-id-OAqG4Wt1gp)​\n\nThe bidding war saw interest from other major interoperability protocols. [Wormhole](https://iq.wiki/wiki/wormhole) submitted a competing bid of 10 million higher than LayerZero's offer. [\\[20\\]](#cite-id-tms5KMYa9h) [\\[19\\]](#cite-id-OAqG4Wt1gp) Additionally, [Axelar](https://iq.wiki/wiki/axelar) Network and Across Protocol signaled their interest in acquiring Stargate, though the process moved forward with LayerZero's proposal. [\\[19\\]](#cite-id-OAqG4Wt1gp) [\\[21\\]](#cite-id-5PoVklbown)​\n\nThe acquisition was approved by the Stargate community [DAO](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dao) in a vote where 95% of participants favored the deal. [\\[20\\]](#cite-id-tms5KMYa9h) [\\[19\\]](#cite-id-OAqG4Wt1gp) Following the vote, the Stargate DAO was officially dissolved. [\\[20\\]](#cite-id-tms5KMYa9h) This acquisition brought Stargate, which was originally developed and launched by LayerZero in 2022, back under its control, aligning the bridge's future development with LayerZero's strategic vision. [\\[19\\]](#cite-id-OAqG4Wt1gp)​\n\n## Team\n\n#### Leadership Team\n\n* **Head of Research:** Daniel P. Ahn\n* **Head of Strategy:** Max Glassman\n* **Head of Talent:** Richard Dietrich [\\[8\\]](#cite-id-jps4g9teew)\n\n#### Executive Team\n\n* **Co-Founder and CEO:** [Bryan Pellegrino](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bryan-pellegrino)\n* **Co-Founder and CTO:** [Ryan Zarick](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ryan-zarick)\n* **COO:** Ari Litan [\\[9\\]](#cite-id-etlq8r0y92)\n\n#### Board of Directors\n\n* **Angel Investor:** Rob Sadow [\\[10\\]](#cite-id-bjvpmu059n8)\n\n## **April 2026 Kelp DAO Bridge Exploit**\n\nIn April 2026, a major exploit involving infrastructure connected to LayerZero resulted in approximately $290–$292 million in losses from a cross-chain bridge used by [Kelp DAO](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kelp-dao). [\\[37\\]](#cite-id-36oIPwZ5euKSZkn9) \n\nThe attack targeted a bridge supporting [**rsETH**](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kelp-dao-restaked-eth-rseth), a liquid restaking token issued by Kelp DAO. Reports indicate that the attacker drained approximately 116,500 rsETH, representing roughly 18% of the token’s circulating supply.  [\\[38\\]](#cite-id-BLO96IHuSXXxwrpq) \n\n### **Attack Method**\n\nAccording to multiple reports, the exploit involved forging a cross-chain message within the bridge’s communication system. This caused the bridge to incorrectly validate a transaction and release funds to an attacker-controlled address. \n\nFurther analysis suggested that the bridge relied on a 1-of-1 Decentralized Verifier Network (DVN) configuration, meaning a single validator was responsible for approving cross-chain messages. \n\nThis created a single point of failure that enabled the forged message to be accepted. [\\[37\\]](#cite-id-36oIPwZ5euKSZkn9)​[\\[38\\]](#cite-id-BLO96IHuSXXxwrpq)  \n\n### **Response and Mitigation**\n\n​[Kelp DAO](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kelp-dao) implemented emergency measures shortly after the exploit, including pausing contracts and freezing core systems. \n\nThese actions prevented additional unauthorized withdrawals, including two subsequent attempts that could have resulted in further losses of up to $100 million. [\\[37\\]](#cite-id-36oIPwZ5euKSZkn9) ","summary":"LayerZero is an interoperability protocol for omnichain applications (OApps) across 165+ blockchains. In 2026, LayerZero Labs introduced 'Zero,' a multi-core bl...","images":[{"id":"QmSFCei1H4HWtcYHfCjcpMXGgg1wM3V1nkBAt4hAWYp45q","type":"image/jpeg, image/png"}],"categories":[{"id":"dapps","title":"Dapps"}],"tags":[{"id":"Protocols"},{"id":"Stablecoins"},{"id":"Blockchains"}],"media":[{"id":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMy_9UjtUqQ","size":"0","name":"ZMy_9UjtUqQ","type":null,"source":"YOUTUBE"},{"id":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylaterXSHkU","size":"0","name":"ylaterXSHkU","type":null,"source":"YOUTUBE"},{"id":"QmSrdnAch47HPDK8An5ricq4tXMrAcxtMucYvrdAQn2AH6","size":"0.34","name":"image","type":"GALLERY","source":"IPFS_IMG"},{"id":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fq2riYIsxpc","size":"0","name":"Fq2riYIsxpc","type":null,"source":"YOUTUBE"},{"id":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8BUVh53TKw","size":"0","name":"_8BUVh53TKw","type":null,"source":"YOUTUBE"}],"metadata":[{"id":"website","value":"https://layerzero.network/"},{"id":"twitter_profile","value":"https://twitter.com/LayerZero_Labs"},{"id":"linkedin_profile","value":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/layerzerolabs/"},{"id":"youtube_profile","value":"https://www.youtube.com/c/layerzerolabs"},{"id":"discord_profile","value":"https://discord.gg/bXDf5Jt"},{"id":"telegram_profile","value":"https://t.me/joinchat/VcqxYkStIDsyN2Rh"},{"id":"coinmarketcap_url","value":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/layerzero/"},{"id":"coingecko_profile","value":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/layerzero"},{"id":"references","value":"[{\"id\":\"6k1pzo2qmqy\",\"url\":\"https://www.cbinsights.com/company/layerzero\",\"description\":\"CBinsights on LayerZero(LZ)\",\"timestamp\":1675088870525},{\"id\":\"zxik9tae2fn\",\"url\":\"https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/layerzero-labs\",\"description\":\"Crunchbase on LZ\",\"timestamp\":1675089134774},{\"id\":\"3hjxhtoll62\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.gitbook.io/docs/\",\"description\":\"LZ docs\",\"timestamp\":1675089513508},{\"id\":\"u6yh4y5x6x\",\"url\":\"https://medium.com/layerzero-official/layerzero-an-omnichain-interoperability-protocol-b43d2ae975b6\",\"description\":\"Medium post on LZ\",\"timestamp\":1675089579792},{\"id\":\"xixgs01eeif\",\"url\":\"https://www.binance.com/en/blog/ecosystem/binance-labs-and-multicoin-capital-coled-$6m-series-a-for-layerzero-421499824684902766\",\"description\":\"Binance series A funding announcement\",\"timestamp\":1675092100350},{\"id\":\"ckn6n3dbjlm\",\"url\":\"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220330005301/en/LayerZero-Labs-Raises-135-Million-to-Create-Omnichain-Crypto-Networks\",\"description\":\"Businesswire on $135mil funding\",\"timestamp\":1675092604400},{\"id\":\"cwtxklw3hdw\",\"url\":\"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/03/30/a16z-ftx-and-sequoia-lead-155m-round-for-layerzero-at-1b-valuation/\",\"description\":\"Coindesk on $135Mil funding\",\"timestamp\":1675092626591},{\"id\":\"jps4g9teew\",\"url\":\"https://theorg.com/org/layerzero-labs/teams/leadership-team\",\"description\":\"Theorg leadership team\",\"timestamp\":1675093029410},{\"id\":\"etlq8r0y92\",\"url\":\"https://theorg.com/org/layerzero-labs/teams/ceo-and-executive-team\",\"description\":\"Executive team\",\"timestamp\":1675093056564},{\"id\":\"bjvpmu059n8\",\"url\":\"https://theorg.com/org/layerzero-labs/teams/board-of-directors\",\"description\":\"Theorg LZ board of directors\",\"timestamp\":1675093123238},{\"id\":\"lartysmgqve\",\"url\":\"https://medium.com/layerzero-official/introducing-layerzero-v2-076a9b3cb029\",\"description\":\"Introducing LayerZero V2\\n\",\"timestamp\":1718728395302},{\"id\":\"cumaiybvewj\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/PrimordialAA/status/1801708740736880790\",\"description\":\"Bryan's tweet\",\"timestamp\":1718729770618},{\"id\":\"su5aqeqbs8\",\"url\":\"https://www.fxstreet.com/cryptocurrencies/news/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-layerzero-zro-token-airdrop-202406151800\",\"description\":\"FXStreet - ZRO airdrop\",\"timestamp\":1718729878367},{\"id\":\"4uugom72x5p\",\"url\":\"https://docs.layerzero.network/v2/home/protocol/mesh-network\",\"description\":\"Omnichain Mesh Network | LayerZero Docs\",\"timestamp\":1722019478992},{\"id\":\"CIm9fhMmvp\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/pdf/LayerZero\\\\_Whitepaper\\\\_Release.pdf\",\"description\":\"LZ whitepaper\",\"timestamp\":1756134021783},{\"id\":\"7qh1zMeS3K\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/LayerZero\\\\_Fndn/\",\"description\":\"Layerzero foundation\",\"timestamp\":1756134021783},{\"id\":\"uKLv8fE3EE\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/LayerZero\\\\_Lahs/status/1803107840938352876\",\"description\":\"June 20 date announcement\",\"timestamp\":1756134021783},{\"id\":\"sMesuJ1vT6\",\"url\":\"https://tracxn.com/d/companies/layerzero/\\\\_\\\\_QOKjCgxZsFD6yf0lTjsufYIjkdLo3wVpOCQKKfgGYNk/funding-and-investors\",\"description\":\"Tracxn on LZ\",\"timestamp\":1756134021783},{\"id\":\"OAqG4Wt1gp\",\"url\":\"https://cointelegraph.com/news/layerzero-wins-stargate-acquisition-4-way-bidding-war\",\"description\":\"Cointelegraph on Stargate acquisition\",\"timestamp\":1756134021783},{\"id\":\"tms5KMYa9h\",\"url\":\"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/layerzero-pips-rivals-110m-stargate-deal-dao-dissolves/\",\"description\":\"DL News on Stargate acquisition\",\"timestamp\":1757646467818},{\"id\":\"5PoVklbown\",\"url\":\"https://www.theblock.co/post/367705/wormhole-counters-layerzeros-110-million-bid-to-buy-stargate-asks-to-pause-voting-period\",\"description\":\"The Block on rival bids\",\"timestamp\":1757646467818},{\"id\":\"o8k7O063AO\",\"url\":\"https://messari.io/report/layerzero-scaling-stablecoin-issuers-with-the-oft-standard\",\"description\":\"Messari on LayerZero OFT Standard\",\"timestamp\":1757647077533},{\"id\":\"G2Jp6DPxc6\",\"url\":\"https://blockchainreporter.net/skate-integrates-stargates-layerzero-oft-for-interoperability-across-dapps-blockchains/\",\"description\":\"SKATE Integrates LayerZero OFT\",\"timestamp\":1757647077533},{\"id\":\"HBKgcVSL7v\",\"url\":\"https://thedefiant.io/news/tokens/paypal-usd-integrates-layerzero-to-unlock-cross-chain-transfers\",\"description\":\"The Defiant on PYUSD LayerZero Integration\",\"timestamp\":1757647077533},{\"id\":\"MVr1gbBMRz\",\"url\":\"https://cryptoslate.com/tether-partners-with-layerzero-to-launch-cross-chain-stablecoin-usdt0/\",\"description\":\"CryptoSlate on Tether and LayerZero partnership\",\"timestamp\":1757647264736},{\"id\":\"dMrv8RpAQV\",\"url\":\"https://blockworks.co/news/layerzero-interoperability-provider-bitgo-wbtc\",\"description\":\"Blockworks on BitGo using LayerZero for WBTC\",\"timestamp\":1757647264736},{\"id\":\"IlZ96vn4sp\",\"url\":\"https://cointelegraph.com/news/ondo-finance-launch-usdy-layer-zero\",\"description\":\"Cointelegraph on Ondo Finance using LayerZero\",\"timestamp\":1757647264736},{\"id\":\"94NlPvSEZ45sFjd4\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog/canton-network-goes-live\",\"description\":\"LayerZero blog on Canton Network integration\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog/layerzero-centrifuge\",\"description\":\"LayerZero blog on Centrifuge integration\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"yWlh6x4G04zJuJt4\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog/worldpay-payments-dvn-now-live\",\"description\":\"Worldpay Payments DVN launch on LayerZero\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ\",\"url\":\"https://tether.io/news/tether-announces-strategic-investment-in-layerzero-labs-creator-of-the-interoperability-infrastructure-used-by-usdt0/\",\"description\":\"Tether strategic investment in LayerZero Labs\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"0AXs8rpWm5nqNfho\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog\",\"description\":\"LayerZero Blog\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"yk1C8eput3GxA2Oq\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.foundation/\",\"description\":\"LayerZero Foundation website\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"eZzLRN6kzQECCold\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog/zero-the-decentralized-multi-core-world-computer\",\"description\":\"Zero: The Decentralized Multi-Core World Computer\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog/zero-technical-positioning-paper\",\"description\":\"Zero Technical Positioning Paper\",\"timestamp\":1776126897610},{\"id\":\"VRwCfcI84M6YR3vt\",\"url\":\"https://layerzero.network/blog/krwq-first-multi-chain-korean-won-stablecoin\",\"description\":\"KRWq, the first multi-chain Korean Won stablecoin\",\"timestamp\":1776129058129},{\"id\":\"36oIPwZ5euKSZkn9\",\"description\":\"KelpDAO Incident Statement \\n\",\"timestamp\":1776692941536,\"url\":\"https://x.com/layerzero_core/status/2046081551574983137\"},{\"id\":\"BLO96IHuSXXxwrpq\",\"description\":\"LayerZero blames Kelp's setup for $290 million exploit, attributes it to North Korea's Lazarus\\n\",\"timestamp\":1776693013286,\"url\":\"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/layerzero-blames-kelp-s-setup-for-usd290-million-exploit-attributes-it-to-north-korea-s-lazarus\"}]"},{"id":"previous_cid","value":"\"https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmecjBy6s2fgSQ4tz5rbK5AAgAhkMJ9DEvF8f5ppsgqZq8\""},{"id":"commit-message","value":"\"Removed LayerZero summary paragraph with founders and stats\""},{"id":"previous_cid","value":"QmecjBy6s2fgSQ4tz5rbK5AAgAhkMJ9DEvF8f5ppsgqZq8"}],"events":[],"user":{"id":"0x8af7a19a26d8fbc48defb35aefb15ec8c407f889"},"author":{"id":"0xa817e9da10923C49C3eD3265Ec9aAb4FB2AF69FE"},"operator":{"id":"0x212Cb3F4aE6611054637f9f78F18fB628AD258bb"},"language":"en","version":1,"linkedWikis":{"blockchains":["ethereum","binance-smart-chain","arbitrum","polygon","base","avalanche"],"founders":["bryan-pellegrino","caleb-banister","ryan-zarick"],"speakers":[]},"recentActivity":"{\"items\":[{\"id\":\"8263bf4a-e336-4544-b7de-14e0cae21383\",\"title\":\"LayerZero\",\"description\":\"LayerZero is an interoperability protocol for omnichain applications (OApps) across 165+ blockchains. In 2026, LayerZero Labs introduced 'Zero,' a multi-core blockchain. Key partners include Worldpay, Tether, and the State of Wyoming.\",\"timestamp\":\"2026-04-14T01:25:28.978Z\",\"category\":\"Dapps\",\"status\":{\"icon\":\"RiGlobalLine\",\"label\":\"Wiki Updated\",\"iconClassName\":\"text-green-500\"},\"user\":{\"name\":\"0xa817e9da10923C49C3eD3265Ec9aAb4FB2AF69FE\",\"address\":\"0x1E23b34d3106F0C1c74D17f2Cd0F65cdb039b138\"},\"button\":{\"label\":\"View Summary\",\"icon\":\"RiFileTextLine\"},\"summarySections\":[{\"title\":\"Summary\",\"subtitle\":\"The summary was updated to reflect new branding, statistics, and key developments like the 'Zero' blockchain and new partners.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Updated summary from \\\"LayerZero is a cross-chain interoperability platform enabling seamless dApp creation across multiple blockchains with trustless, efficient message delivery.\\\" to \\\"LayerZero is an interoperability protocol for omnichain applications (OApps) across 165+ blockchains. In 2026, LayerZero Labs introduced 'Zero,' a multi-core blockchain. Key partners include Worldpay, Tether, and the State of Wyoming.\\\"\"]},{\"title\":\"Tags\",\"subtitle\":\"Added new tags to categorize the wiki.\",\"variant\":\"added\",\"changeCount\":3,\"changes\":[\"Added tag 'Blockchains'\",\"Added tag 'Stablecoins'\",\"Added tag 'Protocols'\"]},{\"title\":\"Events\",\"subtitle\":\"An event was removed from the wiki.\",\"variant\":\"removed\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Removed event 'LayerZero Founded'.\"]},{\"title\":\"Speakers\",\"subtitle\":\"The 'speakers' field was removed.\",\"variant\":\"removed\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Removed the 'speakers' array from the wiki.\"]},{\"title\":\"Introduction\",\"subtitle\":\"The introduction was updated to rebrand the platform and include the latest usage statistics.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Updated the description of LayerZero as an \\\"interoperability protocol that enables developers to create omnichain applications (OApps)\\\" and added statistics on its reach as of early 2026, connecting over 165 blockchains and securing over $95 billion in assets. [[28]](#cite-id-94NlPvSEZ45sFjd4)[[29]](#cite-id-7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk)\"]},{\"title\":\"Overview\",\"subtitle\":\"Added information about a new enterprise-grade security solution for payments.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":2,\"changes\":[\"Added that in March 2026, Worldpay and Global Payments launched a \\\"Payments DVN\\\" on LayerZero for verifying cross-chain payment transactions. [[30]](#cite-id-yWlh6x4G04zJuJt4)\",\"Added a link for 'Permissionless' Execution.\"]},{\"title\":\"Content Formatting\",\"subtitle\":\"Several section headings were reformatted to a lower level.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Changed subheadings in 'Infrastructure of LayerZero', 'Utility', and 'Team' sections from H3 (###) to H4 (####).\"]},{\"title\":\"Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) Standard\",\"subtitle\":\"The section was significantly restructured and expanded with new subheadings and recent adoptions.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":3,\"changes\":[\"Restructured the section with subheadings for 'Core Concept', 'Key Advantages', and 'Adoption and Use Cases'.\",\"Added new adoption cases including Tether's USDT0, the Korean Won stablecoin KRWQ, and the first US state-backed token 'FRNT' from Wyoming. [[25]](#cite-id-MVr1gbBMRz)[[31]](#cite-id-Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ)[[36]](#cite-id-VRwCfcI84M6YR3vt)[[32]](#cite-id-0AXs8rpWm5nqNfho)\",\"Added information about a partnership with Centrifuge for real-world asset (RWA) infrastructure integration. [[29]](#cite-id-7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk)\"]},{\"title\":\"LayerZero Airdrop\",\"subtitle\":\"Added details about the LayerZero Foundation's role and mandate.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Added that the LayerZero Foundation's mandate is to promote decentralization and that it oversees governance activities like token buybacks and fee switch proposals. [[33]](#cite-id-yk1C8eput3GxA2Oq)\"]},{\"title\":\"Partnerships\",\"subtitle\":\"The former 'Partnerships' section and other related sections were removed and replaced.\",\"variant\":\"removed\",\"changeCount\":3,\"changes\":[\"Removed the 'Partnerships' section that listed Google Cloud and Polyhedra.\",\"Removed the 'Pudgy Penguins' section.\",\"Removed the 'Initia Labs' subsection.\"]},{\"title\":\"Key Partnerships and Integrations\",\"subtitle\":\"A new section was added to highlight major partnerships and integrations.\",\"variant\":\"added\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Added a new section detailing partnerships with Worldpay, Canton Network, Tether, the State of Wyoming, and Centrifuge. [[30]](#cite-id-yWlh6x4G04zJuJt4)[[28]](#cite-id-94NlPvSEZ45sFjd4)[[31]](#cite-id-Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ)[[32]](#cite-id-0AXs8rpWm5nqNfho)[[29]](#cite-id-7GWoX2W71cRaHjTk)\"]},{\"title\":\"Funding\",\"subtitle\":\"A new funding event from a strategic partner was added.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Added that Tether Investments made a strategic investment in LayerZero Labs in February 2026. [[31]](#cite-id-Z2rESDMffr6O4ovZ)\"]},{\"title\":\"Zero Blockchain\",\"subtitle\":\"A major new section was added introducing the 'Zero' blockchain architecture.\",\"variant\":\"added\",\"changeCount\":2,\"changes\":[\"Added a new section on 'Zero', a decentralized \\\"multi-core world computer\\\" introduced by LayerZero Labs in February 2026. [[34]](#cite-id-eZzLRN6kzQECCold)[[35]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)\",\"Described Zero's architecture, core technologies, and its Pure Delegated Proof of Stake (PDPoS) consensus mechanism. [[34]](#cite-id-eZzLRN6kzQECCold)[[35]](#cite-id-LnHk7ZM3ZfJFNDfV)\"]},{\"title\":\"Stargate Acquisition\",\"subtitle\":\"The description of a competing bid was slightly modified.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Changed the description of Wormhole's competing bid from being \\\"$120 million in USDC, which was $10 million higher\\\" to \\\"10 million higher\\\".\"]},{\"title\":\"Metadata\",\"subtitle\":\"Added new metadata fields to the wiki.\",\"variant\":\"added\",\"changeCount\":4,\"changes\":[\"Added metadata field 'words-changed' with value '32'\",\"Added metadata field 'percent-changed' with value '1.04'\",\"Added metadata field 'blocks-changed' with value 'content, tags'\",\"Added metadata field 'wiki-score' with value '91'\"]},{\"title\":\"References\",\"subtitle\":\"References were updated to support the new content, with many new sources added.\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":2,\"changes\":[\"Added 9 new references for partnerships, new technologies, and airdrop details, including sources for Canton Network, Centrifuge, Worldpay, Tether, the Zero blockchain, and the KRWQ stablecoin.\",\"Removed 2 obsolete references related to removed sections.\"]}]}]}"}