{"version":1,"id":"canada-stablecoin-act","title":"Canada Stablecoin Act","summary":"Canada Stablecoin Act is a federal Canadian statute that establishes requirements for fiat-backed stablecoin issuers, including registration, reserve backing, redemption and Bank of Canada supervision.","content":"**Canada Stablecoin Act** is a federal Canadian statute establishing a framework for the issuance of fiat-backed stablecoins to people in Canada. Enacted as section 600 of chapter 3 of the _Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1_, it received royal assent on March 26, 2026. Its framework provides for Bank of Canada registration and supervision of covered issuers, reserve and redemption requirements, and rules for stablecoin-related payment services.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-b8yozynapb)​[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-u8zc6x03js)​\n\n## Legislative History and Status\n\nThe legislation was introduced through Bill C-15, the _Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1_, which implemented provisions of the federal budget tabled on November 4, 2025. The Act defines a [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) as a digital asset intended or designed to maintain a stable value relative to one fiat currency, with any additional characteristics prescribed by regulation. It applies to [stablecoins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) with, or reasonably expected to have, interprovincial or international applications.[\\[4\\]](#cite-id-w7cuyp07q1)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\nThe Act received royal assent on March 26, 2026, but provides that its provisions come into force on a day or days fixed by an order of the Governor in Council. The statute and its provisions were marked as not in force in the federal legislation materials. On October 24, 2026, the _Canada Gazette_ published proposed regulations to operationalize the Act and extend federal payment-services supervision to prescribed stablecoins. The 60-day consultation closes on December 23, 2026. As of November 1, 2026, the regulations remain proposed rather than final, and the Stablecoin Act remains not in force. The government has stated its intention for the proposed regulations and Act to come into force in fall 2027.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\nThe Department of Finance had begun developing supporting regulations following royal assent, with regulatory development expected to take 12 to 18 months from early 2026. Draft regulations were to be published for consultation before finalization. The Bank of Canada has said that, after publication of final regulations in _Canada Gazette_ Part II, it planned to consult on guidance explaining its interpretation of the requirements and its supervisory expectations.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-u8zc6x03js)​[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-fe16y9jeu1)​\n\n## Scope and Regulatory Responsibilities\n\nThe Act is directed at issuance by non-financial institutions, including domestic and foreign issuers that make fiat-backed [stablecoins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) available to people in Canada, directly or indirectly. The proposed regulations define an issuer by its control over both the creation and distribution of a [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin): creation includes direct or indirect control over the stablecoin’s properties and generation, while making it available means controlling its distribution. Outsourcing issuance work would not remove the issuer’s responsibility.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-u8zc6x03js)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe framework does not distinguish between Canadian-dollar and foreign-currency-denominated fiat-backed stablecoins. Banks, credit unions and other domestic or foreign financial institutions already subject to substantially similar prudential regulation are outside its issuance scope, as are central-bank issuers. Closed-loop stablecoins—usable only to buy goods or services from a specified merchant or group, or to transfer them for that purpose, with redemption available only from the merchant group or an issuer affiliate—are also outside the proposed framework. Non-fiat-backed stablecoins remain within the remit of provincial or territorial securities regulators.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-u8zc6x03js)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe Bank of Canada administers the framework, registers and supervises covered issuers, monitors risks related to issuance and redemption, and may enforce compliance. Its responsibilities build on its existing supervision of payment service providers under the _Retail Payment Activities Act_ (RPAA) and its oversight of financial market infrastructure under the _Payment, Clearing and Settlement Act_. The Department of Finance Canada leads policy and legislative and regulatory development, working with the Bank on the regulations.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-fe16y9jeu1)​[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-u8zc6x03js)​\n\nThe Act allows the Governor of the Bank of Canada to exempt an applicant, issuer or class from the Act or specified provisions where a provincial or foreign law is substantially similar, subject to conditions. The Act also specifies that compliant issuance does not constitute dealing in securities under certain provisions of federal financial-institution legislation, and treats an issuer as a person dealing in virtual currencies for specified purposes under the federal proceeds-of-crime legislation.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-gce36jai7t)​\n\n## Registration and National-Security Review\n\nA person may not issue a covered [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) unless it complies with the Act and appears on a public issuer registry maintained by the Bank of Canada. Applications are to be submitted through the Bank’s electronic system under the proposed regulations. They must identify the applicant and its ownership and organizational structure, relevant subsidiaries, affiliates and third parties, and the jurisdictions and laws applicable to its operations. Applicants must describe the [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin)’s name, symbol, reference currency and par value, how people in Canada can buy it, the third parties involved, and the processes for creating it and adjusting its reserves.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nApplications must also address the issuer’s technology, reserves and custody arrangements, redemption policy, and governance, risk-management, data-security, and recovery-and-resolution policies. The Act provides for independent legal and accounting statements, including an accountant’s statement on the applicant’s financial condition and a lawyer’s assessment of measures for complying with reserve custody and non-encumbrance rules. The proposed regulations require information about reserve assets and custodians, as well as ownership, senior officers, directors, creditors, significant-influence holders, data practices and corporate relationships.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe Minister of Finance may review an application for national-security reasons and direct the Bank to refuse it. Under the proposed regulations, the Minister would have 60 days to decide whether to begin a review, with further 60-day extensions possible; once started, a review would generally have a 180-day period, also extendable in further 180-day periods. Applicants must have an opportunity to make representations before a refusal direction. The Minister may also require undertakings, impose conditions or direct measures related to stablecoin activities for national-security reasons.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe proposed public registry would identify listed issuers and their stablecoins, including relevant trade names, contacts, agents and reserve custodians. The Act also provides for specified regulatory actions and violation information to be included in the registry, subject to its confidentiality provisions.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\n## Issuer Requirements\n\n### Reserves and Redemption\n\nIssuers must maintain reserve assets worth at least the par value of outstanding [stablecoins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), on a one-to-one basis and in the [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin)’s reference currency. The Act limits reserve assets to that currency or other high-quality liquid assets denominated in it and prescribed by regulation. The proposed regulations would permit demand deposits, government debt securities with no more than three months to maturity, one-business-day reverse repurchase agreements backed by qualifying government debt, and money-market funds composed entirely of eligible reserve assets.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nUnder the proposal, reserves would be valued at the end of each day and would have to cover all outstanding stablecoins. They could not be pledged or encumbered for other obligations, except for specified short-term arrangements used to meet redemptions. [Reserves](https://iq.wiki/wiki/reserve) would be held in segregated, bankruptcy-remote accounts with qualified custodians incorporated in Canada. They would not be available to the issuer’s or custodian’s creditors in insolvency, except to satisfy holders’ redemption claims. An issuer could withdraw investment returns if the reserve remained fully backed; separate accounts would be required when one custodian held reserves for more than one stablecoin from the same issuer.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\nIssuers must redeem outstanding stablecoins at par in the reference currency and publish a policy explaining the conditions, method, timing, fees and role of third parties in redemption. The proposed regulations would require redemption on request, without a minimum amount, within three business days of the initial request. Issuers would disclose purchase and redemption fees, provide at least seven days’ notice on their websites before increasing a fee, and cap redemption fees at one per cent of the amount redeemed. The policy would also identify the banking or payment arrangements used to deliver redemption proceeds.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\n### Governance, Risk and Reporting\n\nThe Act requires issuers to establish, implement and maintain policies for governance, risk management, data security, and recovery and resolution. The policies must address matters such as senior-management accountability, conflicts of interest, operational resilience, incident response, cybersecurity, third-party risks, protection of personal information, and orderly winding down of [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) activities while protecting holders’ claims on reserves.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\nThe proposed regulations would require written policies with defined objectives, a responsible senior officer, assigned personnel and resources, and clear roles and responsibilities. Policies would be reviewed annually and before changes to systems or controls; plain-language summaries in English and French would be posted online. Governance policies would address conflicts, funding, decision-making, employee conduct, compliance and complaints. Issuers would have to provide a way to submit complaints, respond within seven days and resolve them within 30 days. Risk-management and data-security policies would be independently reviewed every three years.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nIssuers must report to the Bank and publish prescribed information. The Act provides for independent accounting statements concerning the issuer’s financial condition, the number of outstanding [stablecoins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), reserve composition and value, and whether reserves meet statutory requirements. The proposed regulations would require monthly reports, including an accountant’s opinion on outstanding value and reserve composition and adequacy; issuance and redemption totals for Canadian residents; reserve custodians and distribution channels; and summaries and outcomes of complaints. Issuers would also notify the Bank without delay of relevant incidents and, for most significant changes, provide advance notice. Proposed notice periods include seven days for most significant changes and longer periods for specified national-security-related changes.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\n### Restrictions on Representations and Rewards\n\nThe Act prohibits issuers from paying interest or yield to [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) holders, directly or indirectly, and from issuing or representing a [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) as legal tender, a deposit or proof of deposit, publicly insured, or guaranteed or backed by a government. It also prohibits false or misleading information to the public. The proposed regulations would extend the yield restriction to arrangements with third parties that encourage holders to retain or increase their balances, including issuer-funded income-sharing. Transaction-based rewards tied to use rather than holding would be permitted.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nIssuers are also subject to anti-money-laundering and anti-terrorist-financing obligations because the Act treats them as businesses dealing in virtual currencies for specified purposes of the _Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act_. The legislation provides for information-sharing between the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC), the Bank and the Department of Finance for specified compliance and national-security purposes. FINTRAC has said that issuers will be required to register with it as money services businesses dealing in virtual currency and that it would update its guidance.[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-kffkibgmqk)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-b8yozynapb)​\n\n## Payment Services under the RPAA\n\nThe [Stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) Act’s issuance rules operate alongside the RPAA, which regulates payment service providers (PSPs) performing retail payment functions. Those functions include providing or maintaining payment accounts; holding end-user funds; initiating, authorizing or transmitting payments; clearing or settling payments; and transmitting or maintaining encrypted or tokenized payment instruments or private keys. The last function was added by the _Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1_ and requires a Governor in Council order to come into force.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe proposed regulations would prescribe [stablecoins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) issued by entities on the Bank’s issuer list, as well as certain coins issued by financial institutions subject to substantially similar laws, for RPAA coverage. A financial institution issuing such a coin would not itself be subject to the RPAA as an issuer, but a PSP using it could be. In custodial-wallet arrangements, holding funds would include a PSP holding stablecoins for an end user or being indebted to that user for them.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe proposal would also allow a PSP to safeguard prescribed stablecoins by placing them with a separate entity whose sole purpose is holding end-user funds. That entity would be the registered holder on the ledger, and the stablecoins and associated rights would not form part of the PSP’s estate. Safeguarding frameworks would be independently reviewed every three years and reported on annually to the Bank, and would address prompt access and redemption into the reference currency if the issuer became insolvent. PSPs would also notify issuers without delay of operational incidents with material effects and report the values and volumes of transfers in prescribed stablecoins.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe RPAA was enacted in June 2021, with registration requirements effective from November 2024 and substantive risk-management and safeguarding requirements effective from September 2025. The proposed amendments would bring roughly 30 additional PSPs under Bank supervision, including crypto-asset trading platforms with custodial wallets, software wallets and crypto payment processors. The government estimated that more than 2,000 PSPs were already in scope as of July 2026.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\n## Supervision and Enforcement\n\nThe Bank may request information, require undertakings or impose conditions, enter compliance agreements, and direct applicants or issuers to comply with the Act and related requirements. It may order an issuer or other person to stop an unsafe or unsound practice and take remedial measures. The Bank may also seek court orders to enforce the Act and its directions; the Minister may seek court orders to enforce ministerial undertakings, conditions or orders.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[4\\]](#cite-id-w7cuyp07q1)​\n\nThe Act provides for administrative monetary penalties for designated violations. The Bank may issue a notice of violation, after which the recipient generally has 30 days to pay or make representations. The Governor decides on a balance of probabilities and may impose the stated penalty, a lesser penalty or none; decisions may be appealed to the Federal Court. Violations are not criminal offences, and due diligence is a defence. Under the proposed regulations, penalties could reach $1 million for serious violations and $10 million for very serious violations; inadequate reserves and failure to redeem at par were examples of very serious violations.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe Act gives the Minister power to prohibit issuance for national-security reasons or where the Minister considers prohibition to be in the public interest. Applicants refused registration and issuers subject to prohibition orders may appeal to the Federal Court. The statute also establishes confidentiality protections for supervisory information, subject to specified disclosure exceptions.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\nThe proposed regulations would establish annual Bank assessment fees using a base fee and a variable component tied to issuers’ average monthly outstanding value. The proposal divided issuers into three tiers: those with at least $1 billion outstanding, those with at least $500 million but less than $1 billion, and those below $500 million. Proposed base fees were $750,000, $350,000 and $25,000 respectively; the first two tiers would also share designated portions of remaining recoverable costs. The Gazette proposal estimated annual issuer costs of $88,521 and annual costs of $152,127 for newly covered PSPs, with the Bank’s annual administration costs estimated at $2.5 million and recovered from issuers.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nAmendments enacted in chapter 22 of the Statutes of Canada, 2026, were marked as not in force in the federal statute. They would repeal the Act’s annual expense-assessment provisions and related regulation-making power, while extending specified enforcement and violation provisions to certain requirements under the _Bank of Canada Act_.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-dyftvoy4kz)​\n\n## Transition and Consultation\n\nThe proposed transition would allow existing issuers to continue issuing while seeking registration if they applied within 30 days after the Act came into force. Otherwise, they would have to stop issuing. The transition would end when an issuer was registered or received a ministerial direction not to register; an issuer refused registration would have to cease issuance.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe Department of Finance held seven stakeholder roundtables in January 2026 and three in June 2026, in addition to bilateral discussions and written submissions. Stakeholders broadly supported a timely framework. Provincial and territorial participants emphasized jurisdictional clarity and consistency, while fintech firms sought flexibility in reserve composition and rapid finalization. The proposal did not impose composition limits among eligible reserve classes so long as full one-to-one backing was maintained.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nFinancial institutions sought clarification of their treatment, and the Department pointed to the Act’s exemption for financial institutions as issuers. A consumer organization urged stronger disclosures and considered a rating system; the proposal included complaint-handling requirements but not ratings. The Department said Bank guidance would clarify the treatment of substantially similar provincial or foreign regimes. Indigenous peoples were not specifically consulted, although the government planned to seek feedback through the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada’s Financial Literacy Working Group for Indigenous Peoples; the government reported no identified modern-treaty impacts.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​\n\nThe proposed ban on yield drew criticism from [Coinbase](https://iq.wiki/wiki/coinbase) Canada chief executive Eric Richmond, who said it could leave Canada behind the United States and prevent issuers from passing generated yield to customers. KPMG Digital Asset Center of Excellence senior manager James Emerson said banks were concerned that [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) yields could exceed savings-account rates and draw deposits away, while proponents argued that yield could make [stablecoins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) more useful as payment instruments. [Kraken](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kraken)’s Canadian policy head, Sophia Cote, welcomed bringing stablecoin payments within the RPAA and cited reserve requirements, segregated assets and redemption rights as positive features.[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-cgcepfosho)​\n\nThe framework is intended to support innovation and competition while protecting consumers and financial stability. The government identified published redemption rights, reserve safeguards and issuer disclosures as consumer protections, and described international alignment as a goal, citing the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation and the United States’ [GENIUS Act](https://iq.wiki/wiki/genius-act) as relevant approaches. The proposal followed a period in which provincial and territorial securities regulators oversaw stablecoin availability on crypto-asset trading platforms, while no comprehensive framework governed issuance with interprovincial and international applications.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-u8zc6x03js)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jcs0wureq0)​[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-cgcepfosho)​\n","categories":[{"id":"glossary","title":"glossary"}],"tags":[],"images":[{"id":"QmSsns1SKJpppDBdASPX63Zduyp5RR2csSBsbbQKKe2SZP","type":"image/jpeg, image/png"}],"media":[],"metadata":[{"id":"website","value":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/S-15.9/"},{"id":"main-image-origin","value":"{\"imageId\":\"QmSsns1SKJpppDBdASPX63Zduyp5RR2csSBsbbQKKe2SZP\",\"originalId\":\"QmSsns1SKJpppDBdASPX63Zduyp5RR2csSBsbbQKKe2SZP\"}"},{"id":"references","value":"[{\"id\":\"dyftvoy4kz\",\"url\":\"https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/S-15.9/FullText.html\",\"description\":\"Full text of the Stablecoin Act\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"b8yozynapb\",\"url\":\"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2026_3/page-49.html\",\"description\":\"2026 annual statutes\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"u8zc6x03js\",\"url\":\"https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/financial-sector-policy/canadas-stablecoin-framework.html\",\"description\":\"Department of Finance framework overview\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"w7cuyp07q1\",\"url\":\"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/Search/Advanced.aspx?ddC0nt3ntTyp3=Acts&h1dd3nPag3Num=1&txtS3arch3xact=made+under&txtT1tl3=%22Budget+2025+Implementation+Act%2C+No.+1%22\",\"description\":\"Budget implementation legislation\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"jcs0wureq0\",\"url\":\"https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2026/2026-10-24/html/reg1-eng.html\",\"description\":\"Proposed Stablecoin Regulations\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"fe16y9jeu1\",\"url\":\"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/regulatory-oversight/stablecoins/\",\"description\":\"Bank of Canada oversight\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"gce36jai7t\",\"url\":\"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/S-15.9/section-3.html?txthl=companies+act\",\"description\":\"Section 3 and related provisions\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"kffkibgmqk\",\"url\":\"https://fintrac-canafe.canada.ca/businesses-entreprises/changes-changements-eng\",\"description\":\"FINTRAC guidance on the Act\",\"timestamp\":1793544649246},{\"id\":\"cgcepfosho\",\"url\":\"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/article-canadas-proposed-stablecoin-rules-bring-clarity-yield-restrictions/\",\"description\":\"Reporting on proposed rules and stakeholder views\",\"timestamp\":1793544649247}]"},{"id":"previous_cid","value":"QmTq2rvvZAd8cBnqmkVzwQ46mGTXHr2hUTUGSoA2rTYFvf"},{"id":"commit-message","value":"Polish Canada Stablecoin Act 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