{"version":1,"id":"optimum","title":"Optimum","summary":"Optimum is a blockchain data-acceleration network that uses Random Linear Network Coding to improve data propagation, initially for Ethereum validators and node operators.","content":"**Optimum** is a [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) networking project founded in 2024 to accelerate the propagation of data across decentralized networks using Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC). Its first production protocol, mump2p, launched on [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) on October 20, 2026. Rather than operating as a blockchain, Optimum runs alongside existing networks: it does not process transactions, use its own [consensus mechanism](https://iq.wiki/wiki/consensus-mechanism), or require changes to a chain’s consensus rules or execution software.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-fdpcsy5fb5)​[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​[\\[4\\]](#cite-id-8qij4bb8st)​\n\nOptimum’s initial focus is improving the speed and consistency with which [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) receive [blocks](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) and attestations. The project says the same approach could be adapted to other [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) and to latency-sensitive applications such as trading.[\\[5\\]](#cite-id-hngl9o3n15)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jm575c4cm7)​\n\n## Overview\n\n### Random Linear Network Coding\n\nOptimum uses RLNC, an erasure-coding technique that divides data into fragments and encodes them into coded shards using random linear combinations. A receiving [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) can reconstruct the original message from a sufficient number of independent shards, rather than needing a particular complete copy. Intermediate nodes can recode shards and forward them before receiving the entire message, enabling data to move through the network in stages.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​[\\[5\\]](#cite-id-hngl9o3n15)​\n\nThis design contrasts with [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)’s conventional GossipSub propagation, in which peers forward copies of the same messages to neighboring nodes. Optimum argues that repeated transmission creates avoidable bandwidth use and can contribute to uneven arrival times. With RLNC, nodes distribute coded pieces, discard duplicate information, and reconstruct the message once they have enough independent shards. The number of fragments and mesh peers can be tuned to balance resilience and speed against computational and bandwidth costs.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​\n\nOptimum’s network is a mesh of nodes it calls Flexnodes. These nodes relay and recode shards, while chain-specific protocols connect the mesh to the relevant [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). Optimum has described a model in which Flexnode operators supply bandwidth and [validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) use the acceleration service; its earlier technical account envisioned allowing anyone to operate a Flexnode.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​\n\nResearch by Ahlswede, Cai, Li, and Yeung established network coding in their 2000 paper, which showed how coding at intermediate network nodes could improve network information flow.[\\[15\\]](#cite-id-k3lcr9mol7)​[\\[16\\]](#cite-id-92qdrs63aw) Work on randomized linear network coding by Ho, Koetter, Médard, Karger, and Effros was presented in 2003 and developed in their 2006 IEEE paper, which identifies the earlier conference work.[\\[16\\]](#cite-id-92qdrs63aw)​\n\n### mump2p and the Optimum Gateway\n\nmump2p is Optimum’s [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) data-propagation protocol. It runs through a separate-process sidecar called the Optimum Gateway, which connects to an operator’s existing consensus client through an application programming interface. The gateway reads [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) and attestation data, encodes and transmits it over the Optimum mesh, and decodes incoming shards before passing data to the client. The technical account names Lighthouse, Prysm, and Teku among the supported clients.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-p38zktdvsd)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-fdpcsy5fb5)​\n\nOperators join by running a gateway with identity, chain, and validator-scope credentials supplied through the Optimum Partner Console. On startup, the gateway connects to the Optimum network and subscribes to [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) consensus-layer beacon-block and 64 attestation-subnet topics. Peer discovery and [fork](https://iq.wiki/wiki/fork) digest are handled automatically.[\\[17\\]](#cite-id-vg3n1dqy9b)​\n\nmump2p builds on libp2p’s peer discovery and transport and maintains a configurable mesh similar to GossipSub. Publishers divide messages into fragments, create coded shards, and distribute different shards among peers. Receiving [nodes](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) discard redundant shards, decode once they have enough independent shards, and recode and forward shards after a configured threshold. [Mesh](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mesh) membership is dynamically maintained using GossipSub-style GRAFT and PRUNE control messages.[\\[18\\]](#cite-id-qlzh531ksk)​\n\nThe gateway operates in parallel with Ethereum’s standard gossip layer, rather than replacing it. [Validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) can continue to use GossipSub to communicate with [nodes](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) outside the Optimum mesh, and can attest or propose [blocks](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) using whichever path delivers the data. If a gateway stops, the validator can continue operating through its existing setup. Optimum says its software does not access validator keys or affect signing, leader selection, or consensus behavior, and does not require additional hardware or changes to consensus-client software.[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-p38zktdvsd)​[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-fdpcsy5fb5)​\n\nThe RLNC design also introduces a security concern known as a pollution attack, in which a malicious node injects invalid shards that can prevent reconstruction or spread corrupted data. The technical account says mump2p binds a hash of the original message and its publisher’s signature to the message. Nodes check reconstructed data against those values and can trace peers that supplied invalid shards, lower their reputation scores, and isolate them. The network also inherits libp2p protections, including encrypted communications and defenses against Sybil and eclipse attacks.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​\n\n## History\n\n### Formation and Initial Scope\n\nOptimum was founded in 2024 by Muriel Médard, Kishori Konwar, and [Kent Lin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kent-lin) to apply RLNC to [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) data propagation. The company is privately held and headquartered in New York City.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[4\\]](#cite-id-8qij4bb8st)​\n\nThe project initially presented a broader “memory layer” for [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). Its early architecture included Optimump2p, a coding-based publish-subscribe protocol, and deRAM, a proposed decentralized random-access memory layer for reading and writing blockchain state. Optimum described deRAM as intended to provide atomicity, consistency, and durability for applications requiring real-time access to state. Its stated potential use cases included trading, gaming, artificial intelligence, and social applications. The company later centered its production deployment on mump2p and data propagation.[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-fdpcsy5fb5)​\n\nOptimum describes its networking layer as chain-agnostic, while mump2p is its first chain-specific implementation. Its technical materials identify [Solana](https://iq.wiki/wiki/solana)’s Turbine and Cosmos/IBC packet routing as possible extensions. In December 2025, Optimum published an analysis of Solana’s propagation stack, including Turbine, ShredStream, and JetStreamer. The company has also identified traders as a prospective user group, alongside [validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator), with the aim of delivering signals sooner so on-chain transactions can be submitted faster.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[5\\]](#cite-id-hngl9o3n15)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jm575c4cm7)​\n\nOptimum has presented faster propagation as one possible contribution to [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) scaling, including improved [validator](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) participation across geographic regions and support for applications that depend on timely data. These aims extend beyond mump2p’s immediate function: the deployed protocol accelerates data delivery alongside [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)’s existing networking and does not change the chain’s consensus or execution rules.[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-fdpcsy5fb5)​[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​\n\n### Testnet and Funding\n\nOptimum announced an $11 million seed round led by 1kx in April 2025. Participants included [Robot Ventures](https://iq.wiki/wiki/robot-ventures), Finality Capital, Spartan, [CMT Digital](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cmt-digital), SNZ, Triton Capital, Big Brain, CMS, LongHash, NGC, Animoca, GSR, Caladan, and Reforge, among others.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​\n\nThe company began a private [testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet) with seven operators in June 2025. By August 2025, it described the network as permissioned, with operators connecting through API keys issued by Optimum. The testnet later expanded: Optimum reported more than 40 partners and roughly $30 billion in connected ETH stake on [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)’s Hoodi testnet, while its team page reported 40 validator partners and more than $24 billion in connected stake. A July 2026 blocmates article described the testnet as involving more than 40 large [validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) representing 29% of staked ETH, valued there at $23.7 billion.[\\[12\\]](#cite-id-d3jxokivcm)​[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​\n\nThe testnet reports included a claim of no message losses, including in high-stress scenarios, alongside the measured propagation comparisons. Named early participants included [Kiln](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kiln), P2P.org, Everstake, Blockdaemon, InfStones, Luganodes, and Ebunker. Optimum’s technical analysis also described its work on [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)’s Hoodi testnet before the [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) integration.[\\[11\\]](#cite-id-2iinl2bqrm)​[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​\n\n### Ethereum Mainnet Deployment\n\nOptimum launched mump2p on [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) on October 20, 2026. The launch snapshot comprised 16 [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) operators, approximately 22,000 [validator](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) keys, and more than 1.4 million ETH in active stake. The launch announcement named Blockdaemon, Everstake, P2P.org, Stakefish, Luganodes, InfStones, Meria, Finoa, Node.Monster, HashKey Cloud, DSRV, RockX, [Nansen](https://iq.wiki/wiki/nansen), Validatrium, Ebunker, and Validation Cloud among participating operators.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​[\\[13\\]](#cite-id-wl3tanx9bq)​\n\nOptimum’s launch reporting said blocks were moving two to four times faster than the [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) GossipSub baseline, with arrival-time variance about 7.88 times lower. The company said its network saw the [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) first in roughly nine out of ten measurements. It also stated that Ethereum node operators could connect for free and that onboarding was permissionless.[\\[13\\]](#cite-id-wl3tanx9bq)​[\\[12\\]](#cite-id-d3jxokivcm)​\n\nOn October 29, 2026, an Optimum account post reported 3.36 million [ETH](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ether-eth) in Total Value Boosted.[\\[19\\]](#cite-id-majbore2wm) CEO Médard separately said more than 3 million staked ETH, nearly 8% of all stake, was running mump2p after the 2-million-ETH milestone a few days earlier.[\\[19\\]](#cite-id-majbore2wm) The company also published its first individual-operator case study, covering mump2p across 2,185 of Blockdaemon’s Ethereum [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) [validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator).[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jm575c4cm7)​\n\nEther.fi made mump2p mandatory for all 12 of its node operators after previously leaving it optional. Co-founder and chief growth officer [Rok Kopp](https://iq.wiki/wiki/rok-kopp) said [Ether.fi](https://iq.wiki/wiki/etherfi) would standardize infrastructure across its validator set only when confident it benefited its stakers and Ethereum. The figures of 16 operators and more than 1.4 million ETH in stake refer to the October 20, 2026 launch snapshot, not a current count. Named operators included Blockdaemon, Everstake, P2P.org, Stakefish, and Bitcoin Suisse.[\\[12\\]](#cite-id-d3jxokivcm)​\n\n## Services\n\nOptimum’s [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) services are Signal and Accelerate. Signal delivers [blocks](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) and attestations to a [validator](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator)’s beacon [node](https://iq.wiki/wiki/node) through the Optimum mesh, giving it an additional route for receiving data. Its gateway subscribes to beacon-block and attestation topics, receives coded shards over the mesh, reconstructs the data, and hands blocks to the beacon node. Optimum offers Signal to Ethereum validators free of charge. It also supports stream-only gateways for users who want to receive mesh blocks without operating validators.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-p38zktdvsd)​\n\nAccelerate is intended for operators proposing blocks. It recommends a cutoff setting for an operator’s existing [maximal extractable value (MEV)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/maximal-extractable-value-mev) sidecar, helping balance the opportunity to wait for a higher builder bid against the risk of proposing too late. The recommendation is derived from slots the operator’s validators have already proposed and appears after enough proposals have been measured. The operator reviews and downloads the configuration and deploys it on its own sidecar; the Optimum Console does not apply the setting automatically. The documentation does not specify the recommendation algorithm. The service is available to organizations with at least 200 active [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) validators, subject to Optimum enabling the organization’s account.[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-p38zktdvsd)​[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​\n\nOptimum’s Console provides onboarding, gateway administration, monitoring, and performance information. Operators create an organization account, start and verify a gateway, peer it with a consensus client, and register validator indices so the system can measure results. A separate key-synchronization function keeps registered validator sets aligned with the Console.[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-p38zktdvsd)​[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​\n\n### Performance and Validator Economics\n\nOptimum’s pre-mainnet testing compared mump2p with [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)’s libp2p and GossipSub baseline. In a test using 30 gateways distributed around the world, the project reported that average propagation was 2.42 times faster and median propagation 2.50 times faster, while propagation variance was about 7.88 times lower. The reported median latency was 53 milliseconds with mump2p compared with 132 milliseconds with GossipSub; the 95th-percentile latency was 170 milliseconds compared with 425 milliseconds. The analysis said the comparison used a conservative one-second GossipSub baseline drawn from ethPandaOps’ xatu-mimicry infrastructure.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[11\\]](#cite-id-2iinl2bqrm)​[\\[12\\]](#cite-id-d3jxokivcm)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​\n\nAfter the [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) launch, Optimum reported that its Hub had measured [block](https://iq.wiki/wiki/block) delivery across 50,292 slots. The company said mump2p delivered blocks an average of 335 milliseconds faster than libp2p, or 3.3 times faster, and accelerated 85–90% of blocks by 2.5–3.5 times. It also reported a 51% reduction in wrong-head votes in a one-week before-and-after study of an individual operator. These figures were reported by Optimum from its own measurements.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-jm575c4cm7)​\n\nOptimum’s proposed economic benefit comes from giving [validators](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator) more time to receive blocks and assess bids while still meeting proposal deadlines. A March 2026 analysis by the Optimum team and Médard estimated that an additional 50–150 milliseconds could raise annual percentage yield by roughly 0.66–1.97% for major operators. The analysis estimated that operators accounting for 36% of [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) stake could gain about 6–19 [ETH](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ether-eth) annually per 32,000 ETH staked, while cautioning that effects depend on operators’ timing policies.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​\n\nThe same analysis examined MEV-Boost bid data from major relays over one week in March 2026. It reported that 50–150 milliseconds of additional time corresponded on average to a 13–16% relative increase in bid value, with increases above 30% in 20–30% of cases. It estimated cumulative additional revenue of 150–190 [ETH](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ether-eth) over the week and identified slots in which a higher bid arrived 60 milliseconds after the bid selected by a [validator](https://iq.wiki/wiki/validator).[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​\n\nThe analysis also estimated that faster propagation could improve [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)-wide head-vote accuracy from about 98.6% to 98.8–99.1%, producing approximately 1,000–2,000 additional [ETH](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ether-eth) annually across the network. It noted that about 0.6% of slots were missed, placing the theoretical maximum head-vote accuracy near 99.4%. These are estimates from the Optimum team’s analysis, not established outcomes of the [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) deployment.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[11\\]](#cite-id-2iinl2bqrm)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​\n\nOptimum argues that more consistent propagation could reduce the performance disadvantage faced by validators far from major infrastructure hubs, and could lower bandwidth costs for large operators. Its technical analysis also discusses faster propagation as a possible support for shorter Ethereum slots and for data-availability sampling as Ethereum handles more blob data. These are prospective implications rather than changes made by mump2p itself.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-2bgqdsbkpr)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​\n\n## Organization and People\n\nMédard is Optimum’s chief executive officer and a professor at MIT, where she holds the NEC Chair in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and leads the Network Coding and Reliable Communications Group. She co-invented RLNC and has worked on network coding for decades. Her distinctions include election to the U.S. National Academy of Inventors in 2018 and the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 2020, fellowship in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021 and the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2022, and the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award in 2022. She was president of the IEEE Information Theory Society.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​\n\nIn December 2025, Optimum announced Médard as the 2026 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal recipient for contributions to coding for reliable communications and networking.[\\[14\\]](#cite-id-xn90sbajxc)​[\\[20\\]](#cite-id-ahan6p24ii) IEEE records that the 2026 Honors Ceremony took place on April 24, 2026.[\\[21\\]](#cite-id-p1ba5kzw1u)​\n\nKonwar is a co-founder whose work includes distributed systems, coding theory, and artificial intelligence. He was a senior engineer and scientist at Meta, completed a postdoctoral fellowship in network coding at MIT, and worked as a quantitative researcher at Goldman Sachs. Lin is a co-founder responsible for business development, [tokenomics](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tokenomics), fundraising, adoption, and ecosystem growth. He was a partner at GSRV, served as president of the Harvard Blockchain Club, and founded the McKinsey Crypto DAO, described as a community of more than 200 McKinsey alumni active in [Web3](https://iq.wiki/wiki/web3). Lin attended Harvard Business School but left before completing his MBA.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-fdpcsy5fb5)​\n\nOptimum has named Nancy Lynch and Sriram Viswanath as advisers. The company credits Lynch with foundational work on Byzantine fault tolerance, including a mathematical proof published in 1985 and the DLS algorithm in 1988. Viswanath’s research has included coding theory, data compression, distributed algorithms, information theory, and wireless communications.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-sb7ll4m5sw)​[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-zyut4jz98n)​[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-2ghbudp721)​\n\nOptimum’s chief product officer Sajida Zouarhi has described [testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet) trials as preceding the [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) launch. The company has also identified [Kent Lin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/kent-lin) as a participant in [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)-industry events and Médard as a speaker on the role of reliable networking in AI systems, where she linked AI applications to reliable memory and verifiable data provenance.[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-qvedanledt)​[\\[4\\]](#cite-id-8qij4bb8st)​","categories":[{"id":"projects-and-protocols","title":"projects-and-protocols"}],"tags":[{"id":"Infrastructure"},{"id":"Ethereum"}],"images":[{"id":"QmaDPjBucKnJAj1pcfcGVjgW17aT2vp6W8atXhdJUQ4Spw","type":"image/jpeg, image/png"}],"media":[{"id":"QmP7Wza1wPpW6GWeZojUX2cnsjee9EvwMkper2edtidxHn","name":"Cópia de Design sem nome (2).png","source":"IPFS_IMG","thumbnail":"QmP7Wza1wPpW6GWeZojUX2cnsjee9EvwMkper2edtidxHn","caption":""},{"id":"QmcrNNqHf1sqPY5pns2JJqikspoGPgnsZy5UNd8tUZAW1N","name":"Cópia de Design sem nome 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mump2p\",\"timestamp\":1793550569946},{\"id\":\"2ghbudp721\",\"url\":\"https://www.blocmates.com/articles/what-is-optimum-the-autobahn-for-blockchain-data\",\"description\":\"Overview of Optimum and RLNC\",\"timestamp\":1793550569946},{\"id\":\"zyut4jz98n\",\"url\":\"https://www.getoptimum.xyz/blog/introducing-optimum-building-the-missing-memory-layer-for-web3\",\"description\":\"Optimum’s initial architecture\",\"timestamp\":1793550569946},{\"id\":\"p38zktdvsd\",\"url\":\"https://docs.getoptimum.xyz/\",\"description\":\"Optimum technical documentation\",\"timestamp\":1793550569946},{\"id\":\"2iinl2bqrm\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/blocmates/status/2082103452612849818\",\"description\":\"Testnet analysis\",\"timestamp\":1793550569946},{\"id\":\"d3jxokivcm\",\"url\":\"https://unchainedcrypto.com/ether-fi-mandates-optimums-mump2p-for-all-its-node-operator\",\"description\":\"Mainnet adoption 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