{"id":"runevm","version":1,"language":"en","title":"RuneVM","hidden":false,"content":"**RuneVM** is a [Layer 2](https://iq.wiki/wiki/layer-2) protocol that aims to improve [Bitcoin's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) scalability and functionality by utilizing [zkSync](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zksync) technology and integrating with [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) Runes.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-lg7dewdz5b8)  \n![GXxlr9oWQAEhll_.jpeg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmYgfMH341timoXsqhcpNdxwgLiviYYjpnw8BPai8DgDnT)  \n  \n# Overview  \n  \nRuneVM, announced in April 2024 on X (formerly Twitter), is a [Layer 2](https://iq.wiki/wiki/layer-2) protocol that aims to address [Bitcoin's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) challenges related to scalability, transaction throughput, and scripting limitations. By employing [zkSync](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zksync) technology and integrating with [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) Runes, it seeks to enable [decentralized applications (dApps)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application) and [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract).   \n  \nRuneVM processes transactions off-chain to reduce network congestion, lower gas fees, and enhance scalability by utilizing [Bitcoin (BTC) ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin-btc)as gas.   \n  \nAdditionally, it aims to facilitate interoperability between [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) while improving security and privacy through zkSNARKs, ensuring that transactions remain secure without disclosing sensitive information.[\\[1\\]](#cite-id-lg7dewdz5b8)[\\[2\\]](#cite-id-37bj7ywiuqr)[\\[3\\]](#cite-id-lwpkgmhed0b)  \n  \n# Products  \n  \n## RuneVM Testnet  \n  \nThe RuneVM [Testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet) aims to provide a platform for developers and users to explore the Rune ecosystem. Users must configure a wallet in [MetaMask](https://iq.wiki/wiki/metamask) to access the RuneVM [Testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet).  \n  \nThey can obtain tBTC, the test token, through a Faucet by entering their wallet address.  \n  \nThe RuneVM bridge facilitates token transfers between the Rollup chain and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [Testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet) Sepolia. Users can transfer tokens from Sepolia to the RuneVM [Testnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/testnet) and vice versa, with a 24-hour period required to claim tokens after the transfer.[\\[4\\]](#cite-id-8a32wo43z7i)  \n![GX2jXYoXIAACp2X.jpeg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmQC4X8gwRyqqn9mzjvKvEqJ7rcUaWeSnsQERyHzSdnfVX)  \n  \n# Architecture  \n  \n## Consensus Mechanism  \n  \nRuneVM employs a hybrid consensus mechanism that combines [proof-of-stake (PoS)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake) with zkRollups to facilitate efficient transaction validation and reduce energy consumption. This approach aims to select validators based on staked tokens, promoting honest behavior. zkRollups aim to aggregate transactions into a single proof for verification on the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) mainnet, enhancing throughput while alleviating network congestion.[\\[5\\]](#cite-id-x22bzj223x9)[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-b2osombni2m)  \n  \n## Virtual Machine Design  \n  \nRuneVM incorporates a custom virtual machine optimized for [zkSync](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zksync), aiming to support a specialized [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) language that ensures deterministic execution for consistent outcomes. This design seeks to facilitate the efficient execution of complex financial contracts.   \n  \nState transitions are managed off-chain using zkRollups, with updates aggregated into a single proof for verification on the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) mainnet, thus minimizing on-chain data. A Data Availability Committee (DAC) aims to ensure that participants can verify necessary data for state transitions, enhancing security and transparency.[\\[6\\]](#cite-id-1wsbi0efucl)[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-b2osombni2m)  \n  \n## Smart Contract Execution  \n  \n[Smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) on RuneVM utilize a state transition function that aims to verify transactions through [zero-knowledge proofs (zkProofs)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps) for secure execution. zkSNARKs enable validation without revealing transaction details, enhancing privacy.   \n  \nThe system ensures deterministic execution, aiming for consistent outcomes across transactions, and implements gas management to optimize resource allocation, with zkRollups reducing overall gas costs. Security protocols aim to ensure that only valid transactions are recorded, while [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) can interact with [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) Runes, facilitating the development of advanced financial applications.[\\[7\\]](#cite-id-zidiy1l55z)[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-b2osombni2m)  \n  \n## Bridging Mechanics  \n  \nThe bridging mechanism between [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and RuneVM aims to facilitate asset transfers while maintaining a one-to-one peg. Users initiate the process by locking Bitcoin Runes on the mainnet through a [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract), which serves as collateral for equivalent tokens minted on RuneVM.   \n  \nThis system allows for the minting of tokens for decentralized applications and enables users to transfer them back to the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) mainnet. The mechanism incorporates security measures through audited [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) and is designed to allow for potential interoperability with other [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) networks.[\\[8\\]](#cite-id-f4emju19bjh)[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-b2osombni2m)  \n  \n## Technical Mechanisms for Interoperability  \n  \nRuneVM aims to enhance the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) ecosystem through cryptographic techniques and cross-chain functionality, allowing applications to leverage [Bitcoin's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) security alongside [Ethereum's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [DeFi](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi) features.  \n  \nKey mechanisms include cross-chain bridges, which facilitate the locking of assets and the minting of equivalent tokens; atomic swaps, which enable direct trading of assets; and [oracles](https://iq.wiki/wiki/oracle), which supply external data to ensure accurate transaction processing.[\\[9\\]](#cite-id-i0t8qfhpfs8)[\\[10\\]](#cite-id-b2osombni2m)  \n![1500x500-28.jpeg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmS7KQtWXpYHYQ1R6Sg2CXeJB4vvtDmUGWFETMV12fTEsy)  \n  \n# Tokenomics  \n  \n## RuneVM Token ($RUNEVM)  \n  \n$RUNEVM serves as the [governance token](https://iq.wiki/wiki/governance-tokens) for the RuneVM [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), allowing for value transfer and participation in governance. It aims to launch on the [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) network before transitioning to the RuneVM mainnet, facilitating a smooth process for holders.[\\[11\\]](#cite-id-elmxw23st5s)  \n  \n## Allocation  \n  \nThe total supply of $RUNEVM is capped at 21,000,000 tokens, distributed as follows:  \n  \n* **Initial Liquidity:** 70%  \n* **Ecosystem & Incentives:** 15%  \n* **Contributors:** 15%[\\[11\\]](#cite-id-elmxw23st5s)","summary":"RuneVM is a Layer 2 protocol improving Bitcoin's scalability and functionality using zkSync technology, enabling dApps and smart contracts with BTC as gas.","categories":[{"id":"defi","title":"Decentralized Finance"}],"promoted":0,"tags":[{"id":"Protocols"}],"metadata":[{"id":"references","value":"[{\"id\":\"lg7dewdz5b8\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/introduction/overview-of-runevm\",\"description\":\"docs - Overview of RuneVM\",\"timestamp\":1727360473588},{\"id\":\"37bj7ywiuqr\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/introduction/purpose-and-goals\",\"description\":\"docs - Purpose and Goals\",\"timestamp\":1727360792455},{\"id\":\"lwpkgmhed0b\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/introduction/key-features\",\"description\":\"docs - Key Features\",\"timestamp\":1727360903941},{\"id\":\"8a32wo43z7i\",\"url\":\"https://medium.com/@RuneVM/how-to-use-the-runevm-testnet-a-step-by-step-guide-3cbf10ff3b59\",\"description\":\"medium - How to use the Testnet\",\"timestamp\":1727362980746},{\"id\":\"x22bzj223x9\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/technical-architecture/consensus-mechanisms\",\"description\":\"docs - Consensus Mechanism\",\"timestamp\":1727366964119},{\"id\":\"1wsbi0efucl\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/technical-architecture/virtual-machine-design\",\"description\":\"docs - Virtual Machine Design \",\"timestamp\":1727367161069},{\"id\":\"zidiy1l55z\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/technical-architecture/smart-contract-execution\",\"description\":\"docs - Smart Contract Execution\",\"timestamp\":1727367367043},{\"id\":\"f4emju19bjh\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/technical-architecture/bridging-mechanics\",\"description\":\"docs - Bridging Mechanics\",\"timestamp\":1727368232208},{\"id\":\"i0t8qfhpfs8\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/technical-architecture/technical-mechanisms-for-interoperability\",\"description\":\"docs - Technical Mechanisms for Interoperability\",\"timestamp\":1727368344194},{\"id\":\"b2osombni2m\",\"url\":\"https://whitepaper.runevm.io\",\"description\":\"RuneVM Whitepaper \",\"timestamp\":1727368414041},{\"id\":\"elmxw23st5s\",\"url\":\"https://docs.runevm.io/token-details/usdrunevm\",\"description\":\"docs - tokenomics\",\"timestamp\":1727369624934}]"},{"id":"website","value":"https://runevm.io/#Revolutionizing"},{"id":"contract_url","value":"https://etherscan.io/token/0x72d4BC91FbD9b257EaE62a5758288D9797c9a76a"},{"id":"twitter_profile","value":"https://x.com/RuneVMChain"},{"id":"telegram_profile","value":"https://t.me/RuneVM"},{"id":"coinmarketcap_url","value":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/runevm/"},{"id":"coingecko_profile","value":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/runevm"},{"id":"medium_profile","value":"https://medium.com/@runevm"}],"user":{"id":"0xf32ECD5c8f5633212f1a25A3931aDDc0CEc42938"},"author":{"id":""},"media":[{"name":"1500x500-28.jpeg","size":"0.10","id":"QmS7KQtWXpYHYQ1R6Sg2CXeJB4vvtDmUGWFETMV12fTEsy","type":"GALLERY","source":"IPFS_IMG","hash":"QmS7KQtWXpYHYQ1R6Sg2CXeJB4vvtDmUGWFETMV12fTEsy"},{"name":"GX2jXYoXIAACp2X.jpeg","size":"0.11","id":"QmQC4X8gwRyqqn9mzjvKvEqJ7rcUaWeSnsQERyHzSdnfVX","type":"GALLERY","source":"IPFS_IMG","hash":"QmQC4X8gwRyqqn9mzjvKvEqJ7rcUaWeSnsQERyHzSdnfVX"},{"name":"GXxlr9oWQAEhll_.jpeg","size":"0.10","id":"QmYgfMH341timoXsqhcpNdxwgLiviYYjpnw8BPai8DgDnT","type":"GALLERY","source":"IPFS_IMG","hash":"QmYgfMH341timoXsqhcpNdxwgLiviYYjpnw8BPai8DgDnT"}],"views":0,"events":[],"linkedWikis":{"founders":[],"blockchains":["bitcoin","ethereum"],"speakers":[]},"founderWikis":[],"blockchainWikis":[],"images":[{"id":"QmR3kD9h69GoWR6WnU9GZya2wzmtMhcMVqAK5nXYkbGtwZ","type":"image/jpeg, image/png"}]}