{"id":"david-tse","title":"David Tse","content":"**David Tse** is the co-founder of [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon), a protocol designed to extend [Bitcoin's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) security to other decentralized networks through a novel [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) mechanism. Prior to his work in [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), Tse invented the proportional-fair scheduling algorithm, a core technology used in 3G, 4G, and 5G cellular networks. [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX) [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)​\n\n## Education\n\nTse earned a Bachelor of Applied Science in Systems Design Engineering from the University of Waterloo in 1989. He continued his studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1991 and a Ph.D. in the same field in 1994. [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-9sDmtxHUSjby3R9q)​\n\n## Career\n\n### Academic Career and Wireless Communications\n\nTse began his academic career as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1995 to 2014, where he received an Outstanding Teaching Award from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences in 2008. [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b) In 2014, he joined Stanford University as the Thomas Kailath and Guanghan Xu Professor of Engineering, which served as a basis for working with [digital assets](https://iq.wiki/wiki/digital-assets). [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-9sDmtxHUSjby3R9q)​\n\nIn the field of wireless communications, Tse is best known as the inventor of the proportional-fair scheduling algorithm. This algorithm became a fundamental component of 3G, 4G, and 5G cellular technologies, significantly improving the speed and efficiency of mobile networks used globally. [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX) He is also the co-author of the seminal textbook *Fundamentals of Wireless Communication*. His research has garnered over 77,000 citations. [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)​\n\nBeyond telecommunications, Tse has also designed assembly software used for processing and analyzing DNA and RNA sequencing data, which has been adopted by researchers for human genome analysis. [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)​\n\n### Transition to Blockchain\n\nTse shifted his research focus to blockchain technology, driven by the belief that the \"current control of information infrastructure by a handful of companies is detrimental to society.\" [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX) At Stanford, he initiated and leads a research group focused on blockchain scalability and security. The group has received over $6 million in research funding and collaborates with prominent industry organizations, including the [Ethereum Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum-foundation-ef), Protocol Labs, and [Cardano](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cardano-ada) (IOG). [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b) His team made contributions to enhancing the security of the [Proof-of-Stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake) (PoS) [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [consensus](https://iq.wiki/wiki/consensus-mechanism) protocol. [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX)​\n\nOn his continual drive, Tse posted on X in July 2025, \"Many professors my age have mentally retired. I worked 19 hours straight the other week, according to my wife. I'm too old for this. But we're breaking new ground at 2 AM while others play it safe. Don't know why I'm still grinding like a 25-year-old PhD student.\" [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-KD0JT3VNQLcTHVW4)​\n\n### Babylon\n\nTse co-founded [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) with cryptography expert Fisher Yu to build a secure and decentralized world by extending [Bitcoin's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) security to other [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). [\\[5\\]](#cite-id-4gpEO7F29Yj0JR2z) He also serves as an advisor to the investment firm Bain Capital Crypto. [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)​\n\n#### Founding and Mission\n\nThe central mission of [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) is to transform [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) from a passive store of value into a productive, yield-generating asset. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-2pimCXpQqpCoMhyE) The project aims to unlock [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin)'s large capital base to secure emerging PoS chains and other decentralized systems. This is achieved through a \"[Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) staking\" protocol that allows [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) holders to stake their BTC and earn yield without moving their assets to another chain via a bridge, which can introduce security risks. [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX) The project was built using the Cosmos SDK to leverage its modularity and sovereignty for implementing the protocol's unique security mechanisms. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-KD0JT3VNQLcTHVW4)​\n\n#### Technology and Innovation\n\nBabylon's protocol is designed to be \"Trustless by Design,\" operating as a non-custodial system. [\\[5\\]](#cite-id-4gpEO7F29Yj0JR2z) It utilizes advancements from [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin)'s Taproot upgrade, including Tapscript and Schnorr signatures, to create secure [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) contracts directly on the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). Key cryptographic innovations include: [\\[5\\]](#cite-id-4gpEO7F29Yj0JR2z)​\n\n* **Extractable One-Time Signatures (EOTS):** A mechanism that ensures validators can be held accountable, making malicious\n  behavior like double-signing slashable.\n* **Signature Aggregation:** A technique to optimize on-chain data and reduce transaction costs.\n* **Adaptor Signatures:** A primitive that enables the trustless slashing of a malicious staker's assets.\n\nIn October 2025, Tse announced that [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) had created a proof-of-concept for a \"[Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) trustless vault\" system. This system uses BitVM3 to allow users to lock native [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and use it as collateral on other chains, such as [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum). The process is controlled by cryptographic proofs of external [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) states, which are verified on the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) network. An experimental version of the resulting asset, an [NFT](https://iq.wiki/wiki/non-fungible-token-nft) called VaultBTC, was tested on the lending protocol [Morpho](https://iq.wiki/wiki/morpho). While the system aims to be trustless, reports noted that its early design relied on whitelisted liquidators and external price oracles like [Band Protocol](https://iq.wiki/wiki/band-protocol) and [Pyth Network](https://iq.wiki/wiki/pyth-network). [\\[7\\]](#cite-id-hXQYltOIPcfE6zkO)​\n\n#### Funding and Milestones\n\n​[Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) has secured significant funding through multiple rounds:\n\n* **March 2023:** Raised 8.8 million). The previously-listed 70 million Series B (May 2024, led by [Paradigm](https://iq.wiki/wiki/paradigm)) remain unchanged and are retained in the article. [\\[8\\]](#cite-id-X7eApYR922q8nim6)\n* **May 2024:** Raised $70 million in a round led by [Paradigm](https://iq.wiki/wiki/paradigm). [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX)\n* **January 2026:** [a16z crypto](https://iq.wiki/wiki/a16z-crypto) led a BABY. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-2pimCXpQqpCoMhyE)\n\n​[Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) commenced its phased mainnet launch in August 2024. The initial staking cap of 1,000 BTC was filled within hours. [\\[8\\]](#cite-id-X7eApYR922q8nim6) A subsequent duration-based staking round in October 2024 attracted 24,000 BTC in stakes in under two hours, with Tse calling the demand \"way beyond our expectations.\" [\\[8\\]](#cite-id-X7eApYR922q8nim6) In December 2024, a single anonymous user staked 10,000 BTC. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-KD0JT3VNQLcTHVW4)​\n\nThe project's codebase has been audited by security firms including Coinspect, Zellic, and Cantina, and it has integrated with institutional custodians like [Anchorage Digital](https://iq.wiki/wiki/anchorage-digital), Ceffu, HexTrust, and Cobo. [\\[5\\]](#cite-id-4gpEO7F29Yj0JR2z)​\n\n## Research and Publications\n\n### BABE Protocol\n\nOn January 18, 2026, Tse and his team announced the BABE (BAbylon-BErkeley) protocol, a new method for verifying Groth16 [zero-knowledge](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps) (ZK) proofs on the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) network. [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-9sDmtxHUSjby3R9q) The protocol was developed to reduce the initialization and storage costs of Groth16 verification by over a thousandfold compared to existing solutions. It achieves this by simplifying complex pairing operations into a single scalar multiplication using a technique based on witness encryption and the Argo MAC obfuscation primitive. Tse announced that BABE was scheduled to launch in February 2026 alongside the alpha testnet of the [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) Trustless [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) Vault. [\\[3\\]](#cite-id-9sDmtxHUSjby3R9q)​\n\n### Collaborative Research\n\nTse is an active participant in the BitVM Alliance, a group focused on advancing [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin)'s computational capabilities. He has praised the \"open and collaborative research culture\" of the alliance, which involves public iteration of ideas and rapid feedback, viewing it as a challenge to traditional, more closed-off academic cryptographic research methods. [\\[9\\]](#cite-id-Oc08GXMYcFYw07Rf) In June 2025, the [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) team conducted a successful experiment on the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) mainnet to test the full dispute resolution process (\"unhappy path\") for BitVM, completing the procedure in under eight hours. [\\[4\\]](#cite-id-KD0JT3VNQLcTHVW4)​\n\n## Awards and Recognition\n\nTse has received numerous awards for his contributions to engineering and information sciences.\n\n* **2008:** Outstanding Teaching Award, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, U.C. Berkeley [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)\n* **2009:** Frederick Emmons Terman Award, American Society for Engineering Education [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)\n* **2017:** Claude E. Shannon Award, IEEE Information Theory Society [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX)\n* **2018:** Elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering [\\[2\\]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)\n* **2019:** IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal [\\[1\\]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX)\n* **2024:** Named to CoinDesk's \"Most Influential\" list for his work on bringing staking to [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin). [\\[8\\]](#cite-id-X7eApYR922q8nim6)\n\n## Influence and Mentorship\n\nThrough his professorship at Stanford, Tse has taught and mentored numerous individuals who have become prominent figures in the crypto industry. [Guy Wuollet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/guy-wuollet) of [a16z crypto](https://iq.wiki/wiki/a16z-crypto), a former student, described him as having \"one of the broadest coaching trees in crypto.\" His former students and post-doctoral advisees include [Sreeram Kannan](https://iq.wiki/wiki/sreeram-kannan) (founder of [EigenLayer](https://iq.wiki/wiki/eigenlayer)), Dionyzis Zindros (founder of [Common](https://iq.wiki/wiki/common) Prefix), and several members of the a16z crypto research team. [\\[6\\]](#cite-id-2pimCXpQqpCoMhyE)​\n\n## Interviews\n\n### Bitcoin Staking and Babylon #01\n\nIn an interview published on May 16, 2024, on the YouTube channel Coinage, David Tse, co-founder of [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon), discussed [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking), the research background of the project, and its proposed role within the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and broader [Web3](https://iq.wiki/wiki/web3) ecosystem.\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](5N9DDIEeo38)\n\nTse described [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) as a project originating from academic and technical research rather than a venture defined by branding labels such as “professor chain”. According to him, the project was developed from a research-oriented approach aimed at addressing structural and protocol-level questions within [Web3](https://iq.wiki/wiki/web3). He referenced his prior academic work in wireless communications and explained that his involvement in blockchain research began approximately five years earlier after studying the [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) [whitepaper](https://iq.wiki/wiki/white-paper), which he characterized as a protocol designed with simplicity as a core attribute.\n\nDuring the interview, Tse stated that [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) differs from [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) primarily in its consensus model. While [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) transitioned from [proof-of-work](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-work-pow) to [proof of stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake), enabling native [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) functionality, [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) continues to operate under proof-of-work and does not include a native staking mechanism. He explained that [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) seeks to enable [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) staking through a protocol design that does not require users to transfer custody of their [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), distinguishing it from earlier yield-generating platforms that relied on centralized custodial structures.\n\nTse addressed comparisons between [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)-based restaking protocols, noting that [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) focuses on introducing staking as a base-layer function for [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) rather than restaking existing staked assets. He emphasized that, from his perspective, this distinction is relevant for protocol design and for the development of applications that may rely on [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) as an underlying mechanism.\n\nRegarding ecosystem integration, Tse discussed Babylon’s interaction with the app-chain model and its collaboration with projects in the [Cosmos](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cosmos) ecosystem. He explained that Babylon’s [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) mechanism is intended to allow [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) to contribute security to other [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) networks, supporting application-specific chains without requiring changes to Bitcoin’s base protocol.\n\nThe interview also addressed adoption challenges following the collapse of centralized yield platforms. Tse acknowledged that some [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) holders remain cautious about yield mechanisms and stated that Babylon’s approach prioritizes gradual adoption and education, particularly among users familiar with non-custodial staking systems in other networks. He cited the launch of Babylon’s [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) staking testnet in February 2024, which recorded participation from more than 100,000 users within the first two days.\n\nIn outlining future development, Tse referenced plans for a [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) launch with controlled participation parameters intended to support security testing. He also mentioned ongoing research into additional protocols that could leverage [Bitcoin’s](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) security, including data availability solutions and cross-chain asset bridges. Throughout the interview, Tse characterized [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon) as a research-driven project focused on protocol development rather than short-term deployment objectives. [\\[10\\]](#cite-id-5pBxVhdM8WDn1bF9) \n\n### Bitcoin Staking and Economic Security #02\n\nIn an interview published on August 21, 2025, on the YouTube channel Ninepoint Partners, David Tse, co-founder of [Babylon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/babylon), discussed his interpretation of [Bitcoin’s](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) role within [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) infrastructure and its use in [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking)-related mechanisms.\n\n[YOUTUBE@VID](pU-1N705IlI)\n\nTse stated that [Bitcoin’s](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) large monetary base, long operational history, and decentralized security model allow it to be used as collateral for securing proof-of-stake [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain), even though [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) itself relies on proof of work. According to his explanation, Babylon’s protocol is designed to enable [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) staking without custodial intermediaries, wrapped assets, or native smart contracts on [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin). Instead, the system uses cryptographic techniques and [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin)’s scripting capabilities to replicate functions commonly associated with staking, including conditional penalties.\n\nHe further explained that, from his perspective, [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) [staking](https://iq.wiki/wiki/staking) can be applied to provide additional economic security to other blockchains and rollups. In this context, [proof-of-stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake) networks may compensate [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) holders for contributing collateral, while [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) remains under self-custody. Tse indicated that this model can be used alongside existing [consensus mechanisms](https://iq.wiki/wiki/consensus-mechanism) rather than replacing them.\n\nThe interview also addressed the interaction between [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) and smart contract platforms, including [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum). Tse described potential integrations in which [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) functions as collateral for applications deployed on such platforms, while maintaining separation between Bitcoin’s base protocol and external execution environments.\n\nOverall, Tse characterized Babylon’s approach as an infrastructure-focused effort to enable the use of [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) as collateral across multiple [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) systems, without modifying [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin)’s underlying protocol or governance structure. [\\[11\\]](#cite-id-iiPVByFgxjxfKeph) ","summary":"David Tse is a Professor of Engineering at Stanford University and the co-founder of Babylon, a Bitcoin staking protocol. 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Babylon\",\"timestamp\":1770735622857},{\"id\":\"hXQYltOIPcfE6zkO\",\"url\":\"https://www.tradingview.com/news/cointelegraph:a3542ec0f094b:0-native-bitcoin-as-defi-collateral-babylon-thinks-they-ve-cracked-it/\",\"description\":\"Cointelegraph article on Babylon's trustless vault system\",\"timestamp\":1770735622857},{\"id\":\"X7eApYR922q8nim6\",\"url\":\"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2024/12/10/david-tse-bringing-staking-to-bitcoin\",\"description\":\"CoinDesk's Most Influential 2024 profile on David Tse\",\"timestamp\":1770735622857},{\"id\":\"Oc08GXMYcFYw07Rf\",\"url\":\"https://www.fairgate.io/newsletter/49/04-babylons-david-tse-on-bitvm-alliance-and-collaborative-research\",\"description\":\"Fairgate newsletter featuring an interview with David Tse\",\"timestamp\":1770735622857},{\"id\":\"5pBxVhdM8WDn1bF9\",\"description\":\"Babylon Co-Founder David Tse On Bitcoin Staking\\n\",\"timestamp\":1770736117849,\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5N9DDIEeo38\"},{\"id\":\"iiPVByFgxjxfKeph\",\"description\":\"Staking Bitcoin (finally!) with David Tse of Babylon\\n\",\"timestamp\":1770736133564,\"url\":\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU-1N705IlI\"},{\"id\":\"tb2hO0k7ROPn1IPs\",\"url\":\"https://web.stanford.edu/~dntse/papers/cv\\\\_davidtse.pdf\",\"description\":\"David Tse's Stanford CV\",\"timestamp\":1785874083848},{\"id\":\"LAMCGAsamISRsESH\",\"url\":\"https://x.com/dntse/status/2012297707151638768\",\"description\":\"BABE protocol announcement post\",\"timestamp\":1785874083848},{\"id\":\"VFIC0vAhvJzxYWBT\",\"url\":\"https://www.tradingview.com/news/cointelegraph:a3542ec0f094b:0-native-bitcoin-as-defi-collateral-babylon-thinks-they-ve-cracked-it\",\"description\":\"Cointelegraph report on 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Shannon Award","type":"DEFAULT","description":"Received the Claude E. Shannon Award, the highest honor in information theory, for his groundbreaking work in wireless communication theory.","link":"https://consensus-hongkong2025.coindesk.com/agenda/speaker/-david-tse","multiDateStart":null,"multiDateEnd":null,"continent":null,"country":null},{"id":"da9edd52-bb46-424c-a6c3-fd5d264885f1","date":"2022-01-01","title":"Co-founded Babylon","type":"DEFAULT","description":"Co-founded Babylon, a protocol designed to use native Bitcoin as a staking asset to secure other blockchains and unlock its utility for DeFi.","link":"https://x.com/dntse?lang=en","multiDateStart":null,"multiDateEnd":null,"continent":null,"country":null},{"id":"fd8204e3-8c95-45ce-bb29-b13607c11d81","date":"2024-05-01","title":"Babylon Raised $70M","type":"DEFAULT","description":"Babylon, the Bitcoin staking protocol co-founded by Tse, announced a $70 million funding round led by Paradigm.","link":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2024/12/10/david-tse-bringing-staking-to-bitcoin","multiDateStart":null,"multiDateEnd":null,"continent":null,"country":null},{"id":"55a5f31d-c223-4040-ba16-e585ff3132be","date":"2024-12-01","title":"Named to CoinDesk's Most Influential","type":"DEFAULT","description":"David Tse was named to CoinDesk's 'Most Influential 2024' list for his work on bringing staking to Bitcoin through the Babylon protocol.","link":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2024/12/10/david-tse-bringing-staking-to-bitcoin","multiDateStart":null,"multiDateEnd":null,"continent":null,"country":null}],"user":{"id":"0x8af7a19a26d8fbc48defb35aefb15ec8c407f889"},"author":{"id":"0x8af7a19a26d8fbc48defb35aefb15ec8c407f889"},"operator":{"id":"0x04e4a72e18b46EC55Ba1361CEFcEF0404b520f47"},"language":"en","version":1,"linkedWikis":{"blockchains":[],"founders":[],"speakers":[]},"recentActivity":"{\"items\":[{\"id\":\"5c0f8430-9795-4333-9e0a-8fb1bef43050\",\"title\":\"David Tse\",\"description\":\"David Tse is a Professor of Engineering at Stanford University and the co-founder of Babylon, a Bitcoin staking protocol. He is renowned for inventing the proportional-fair scheduling algorithm, a key technology in 3G/4G/5G cellular networks.\",\"timestamp\":\"2026-08-04T20:17:21.862Z\",\"category\":\"people\",\"status\":{\"icon\":\"RiGlobalLine\",\"label\":\"Wiki Updated\",\"iconClassName\":\"text-green-500\"},\"user\":{\"name\":\"0x8af7a19a26d8fbc48defb35aefb15ec8c407f889\",\"address\":\"0x04e4a72e18b46EC55Ba1361CEFcEF0404b520f47\"},\"button\":{\"label\":\"View Summary\",\"icon\":\"RiFileTextLine\"},\"summarySections\":[{\"title\":\"Lead / Summary\",\"subtitle\":\"Lead paragraph wording and linking updated\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Reworded/relinked the opening summary (co-founder of Babylon now linked as [Babylon]) and minor phrasing changes in lead paragraph [[1]](#cite-id-cH0P6wqJvjFh6EnX) [[2]](#cite-id-SGQJHfRH7fAduV0b)\"]},{\"title\":\"Academic Career and Wireless Communications\",\"subtitle\":\"Stanford professorship title updated\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Changed Stanford title from \\\"Thomas and Sarah Kailath Professor of Engineering\\\" to \\\"Thomas Kailath and Guanghan Xu Professor of Engineering\\\" [[3]](#cite-id-9sDmtxHUSjby3R9q)\"]},{\"title\":\"Funding and Milestones\",\"subtitle\":\"March 2023 funding amount edited and explanatory note added\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Updated March 2023 funding entry: amount changed from \\\"$15 million\\\" to \\\"8.8 million\\\" and an explanatory note was added stating the previously-listed $70 million Series B (May 2024) remains unchanged [[8]](#cite-id-X7eApYR922q8nim6)\"]},{\"title\":\"Interviews — Bitcoin Staking and Babylon #01\",\"subtitle\":\"YouTube link formatting changed in interview entry\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Updated YouTube embed/link format for the May 16, 2024 interview from a full URL to a shorthand code '(5N9DDIEeo38)' [[10]](#cite-id-5pBxVhdM8WDn1bF9)\"]},{\"title\":\"Interviews — Bitcoin Staking and Economic Security #02\",\"subtitle\":\"YouTube link formatting changed in interview entry\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":1,\"changes\":[\"Updated YouTube embed/link format for the August 21, 2025 interview from a full URL to a shorthand code '(pU-1N705IlI)' [[11]](#cite-id-iiPVByFgxjxfKeph)\"]},{\"title\":\"References\",\"subtitle\":\"References list updated with additional entries\",\"variant\":\"modified\",\"changeCount\":4,\"changes\":[\"Added reference id 'tb2hO0k7ROPn1IPs' — David Tse's Stanford CV (https://web.stanford.edu/~dntse/papers/cv_davidtse.pdf)\",\"Added reference id 'LAMCGAsamISRsESH' — BABE protocol announcement post (https://x.com/dntse/status/2012297707151638768)\",\"Added reference id 'VFIC0vAhvJzxYWBT' — Cointelegraph report on VaultBTC (https://www.tradingview.com/news/cointelegraph:a3542ec0f094b:0-native-bitcoin-as-defi-collateral-babylon-thinks-they-ve-cracked-it)\",\"Added reference id 'Cy0qUY6g92PI0bYN' — TheBlock's report on a16z crypto funding (https://www.theblock.co/post/384636/a16z-crypto-buys-15-million-in-baby-tokens-to-fund-babylons-buildout-of-new-btcvaults)\"]}]}]}"}